Biology Branches and Cell Biology Basics

Botany: study of plants
Zoology: study of animals
Microbiology: study of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environment
Genetics: study of heredity and variation
Biochemistry: study of chemical processes in living organisms
Molecular Biology: study of structure and function of biomolecules (DNA, proteins, etc.)

Cell: basic unit of life
Cell membrane: semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane
Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
Organelles: specialized structures within the cell (mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.)

Theory of Evolution: explains how species change over time
Natural Selection: process by which organisms that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
Speciation: process by which a new species emerges from an existing one
Fossil Record: evidence of past life on Earth

Ecosystem: community of living and non-living things interacting in an environment
Biotic factors: living components of an ecosystem (plants, animals, etc.)
Abiotic factors: non-living components of an ecosystem (water, sunlight, etc.)
Energy flow: energy is transferred from one organism to another through food chains and webs

Botany focuses on the study of plants
Zoology is concerned with the study of animals
Microbiology explores the world of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Ecology examines the interactions between organisms and their environment
Genetics delves into the study of heredity and variation
Biochemistry investigates the chemical processes in living organisms
Molecular Biology examines the structure and function of biomolecules, such as DNA, proteins, and others

Cells are the basic units of life
Cell membranes are semi-permeable, surrounding the cell
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane
The nucleus contains genetic material in the form of DNA
Organelles are specialized structures within the cell, including mitochondria, ribosomes, and others

DNA is a molecule that contains genetic information
Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits
Chromosomes are thread-like structures that carry genes
Traits are characteristics of an organism, such as eye color, height, and others
Heredity refers to the passing of traits from parents to offspring

The Theory of Evolution explains how species change over time
Natural Selection is the process by which organisms that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
Speciation is the process by which a new species emerges from an existing one
The Fossil Record provides evidence of past life on Earth

An ecosystem is a community of living and non-living things interacting in an environment
Biotic factors include living components of an ecosystem, such as plants, animals, and others
Abiotic factors include non-living components of an ecosystem, such as water, sunlight, and others
Energy flow occurs through food chains and webs, where energy is transferred from one organism to another

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