Brainstem & Cranial Nerves I-VI

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Questions and Answers

Which nerve directly supplies the nasopharynx mucosa?

  • Infraorbital nerve
  • Maxillary nerve trunk
  • Zygomatic nerve
  • Pharyngeal nerve (correct)

What is the name of the foramen through which the maxillary nerve trunk passes?

  • Foramen rotundum (correct)
  • Greater palatine foramina
  • Infraorbital foramen
  • Inferior orbital fissure

Which of the following nerves supplies the premolar teeth?

  • Posterior superior alveolar nerve
  • Middle superior alveolar nerve (correct)
  • Anterior superior alveolar nerve
  • Inferior orbital nerve

Which of the following structures is NOT directly supplied by a nerve originating from the pterygopalatine ganglion?

<p>Molar teeth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the lower eyelid and cheek?

<p>Infraorbital nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through which foramen does the greater palatine nerve exit the skull?

<p>Greater palatine foramina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves is NOT involved in innervating the palate?

<p>Inferior orbital nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the maxillary sinus?

<p>Posterior superior alveolar nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which nerve does the middle superior alveolar nerve branch off?

<p>Maxillary nerve trunk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these nerves does NOT contribute to the formation of the pterygopalatine ganglion?

<p>Lesser palatine nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?

<p>Lateral rectus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the sphincter pupillae muscle?

<p>Constricts the pupil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in the innervation of the extraocular muscles?

<p>Facial Nerve (CN VII) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure through which the oculomotor nerve (CN III) passes to reach the orbit?

<p>Superior orbital fissure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is a potential consequence of damage to the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?

<p>Ptosis and dilated pupil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the trochlear nerve (CN IV)?

<p>Innervating the superior oblique muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the trigeminal ganglion?

<p>Cavernous sinus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT located within the cavernous sinus?

<p>Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of the vascular triangle formed by the oculomotor nerve (CN III), superior cerebellar artery (SCA), and posterior cerebral artery (PCA)?

<p>This triangle is a common site for aneurysms and vascular abnormalities that can compress CN III. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the path of the trochlear nerve (CN IV)?

<p>It emerges from the posterior surface of the midbrain and passes through the superior orbital fissure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brainstem is responsible for connecting the brain to the spinal cord?

<p>Medulla Oblongata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which exit point do cranial nerves III and IV emerge from the brainstem?

<p>Midbrain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the sense of smell?

<p>Cranial Nerve I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is the largest and has three branches responsible for sensation in the face?

<p>Cranial Nerve V (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical application of assessing cranial nerve functions?

<p>Assessing eye movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the olfactory nerve (CN I)?

<p>Carries special sensory information for smell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the optic nerve (CN II) originate?

<p>Retina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve emerges from the dorsolateral sulcus?

<p>CN XI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of trauma to the cribriform plate?

<p>CSF leakage and potential anosmia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the third and fourth ventricles?

<p>Cerebral aqueduct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the central canal within the lower half of the medulla oblongata open into?

<p>Spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain does the optic tract originate from?

<p>Lateral geniculate nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may an elderly person experience due to the reduction of olfactory neurosensory cells?

<p>Anosmia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which foramen does the mandibular division of CN V3 exit the cranium?

<p>Foramen Ovale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves is NOT a sensory branch of the mandibular division CN V3?

<p>Medial pterygoid nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is innervated by the motor fibers of the mandibular division CN V3?

<p>Masseter muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of functions does the mandibular division CN V3 perform?

<p>Both sensory and motor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for tension within the tympanic membrane and is innervated by the mandibular division CN V3?

<p>Tensor tympani muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mylohyoid nerve, which arises from the inferior alveolar nerve?

<p>Motor innervation to the mylohyoid muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the buccal mucosa?

<p>Buccal nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the lingual nerve primarily provide sensory information to?

<p>Anterior 2/3 of the tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the post ethmoidal nerve primarily supply?

<p>Upper part of nasal cavity and external nose tip (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for supplying the eyeball?

<p>Nasociliary nerve (A), Long ciliary nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statements are true regarding the maxillary division (CN V2)?

<p>Has branches supplied from the trigeminal ganglion (A), Enters the pterygopalatine fossa through foramen rotundum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the zygomaticofacial nerve supply?

<p>The skin of the face (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve passes through the common tendinous ring?

<p>Long ciliary nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From where does the pterygopalatine ganglion receive its nerve branches?

<p>Directly from the maxillary trunk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves supplies the sphenoid and ethmoid air cells?

<p>Post ethmoidal nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the short ciliary nerve?

<p>Supplies eyeball (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Brainstem

The lower part of the brain connecting to the spinal cord, essential for survival.

Cranial Nerve I

Also known as the olfactory nerve; responsible for the sense of smell.

Cranial Nerve II

The optic nerve; responsible for vision by transmitting visual information.

Cranial Nerve III

The oculomotor nerve; controls most eye movements and pupil constriction.

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Clinical applications of cranial nerves

Understanding how dysfunctions of cranial nerves can indicate specific health issues.

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Post ethmoidal nerve

Provides sensory fibers to the meninges of the anterior cranial fossa, upper nasal cavity, external nose tip, and supplies sphenoid & ethmoid air cells.

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Long ciliary nerve

Supplies sensory fibers to the eyeball, contributing to the sensation of the eye.

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Nasociliary nerve

A branch of the maxillary division of CN V that supplies sensory fibers through the common tendinous ring.

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Short ciliary nerve

Supplies sensory fibers to the eyeball, but shorter than the long ciliary nerve.

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Maxillary division, CN V2

The second division of the trigeminal nerve which exits the skull via foramen rotundum.

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Pterygopalatine ganglion

A nerve ganglion that gives rise to branches supplying the face and nasal cavity.

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Zygomatic branches

Branches of the maxillary division that supply the skin of the temple and face.

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Foramen rotundum

The opening in the skull through which the maxillary nerve passes.

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Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

Controls eye movements and pupil constriction; parasympathetic functions.

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Ciliary Ganglion

A parasympathetic ganglion associated with CN III that controls pupil constriction and lens shape.

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Oculomotor Palsy

Condition characterized by drooping eyelid and inability to move eyeball due to CN III damage.

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Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)

Supplies the superior oblique muscle; important for eye rotation.

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Cavernous Sinus

A cavity at the base of the skull where cranial nerves and internal carotid artery are located.

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Internal Carotid Artery

Major artery supplying blood to the brain; located near CN III and IV in the cavernous sinus.

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Superior Orbital Fissure

An opening in the skull through which cranial nerves (III, IV, VI) and the ophthalmic vein pass.

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Superior Rectus Muscle

Extraocular muscle responsible for elevating the eyeball.

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Medial Rectus Muscle

Extraocular muscle responsible for adducting the eyeball (moving it inward).

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Sphenoid Bone

Bone at the base of the skull, containing the sphenoid sinus and forming part of the cranial cavity.

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Mandibular division, CN V3

A branch of the trigeminal nerve with both sensory and motor functions.

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Foramen Ovale

An opening in the skull where the mandibular division exits the cranium.

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Inferior Alveolar Nerve

A sensory nerve that provides sensation to the lower teeth.

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Lingual Nerve

A sensory nerve that supplies the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

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Auriculotemporal Nerve

A sensory nerve supplying the auricle and temporal region.

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Buccal Nerve

A sensory nerve that supplies the inner cheek lining.

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Muscles of Mastication

Four muscles controlled by motor fibers of CN V3 for chewing.

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Mylohyoid Muscle

A muscle that forms the floor of the mouth, innervated by the mylohyoid nerve.

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Zygomatic nerve

A branch of the maxillary nerve supplying the cheek area.

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Infraorbital nerve

Nerve that supplies the lower eyelid and upper lip.

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Maxillary nerve

A branch of the trigeminal nerve that supplies the maxilla.

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Nasopalatine nerve

Nerve that supplies sensory to the nasal cavity and hard palate.

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Greater palatine nerve

Nerve supplying the hard palate.

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Lesser palatine nerve

Nerve that supplies the soft palate.

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Anterior superior alveolar nerve

Nerve that supplies upper front teeth.

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Posterior superior alveolar nerve

Nerve supplying upper back teeth including molars.

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Middle superior alveolar nerve

Nerve supplying upper premolar teeth.

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CN 11 (Accessory Nerve)

Emerges from the dorsolateral sulcus of the brainstem.

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Cerebral Aqueduct

Connects the 3rd ventricle with the 4th ventricle in the midbrain.

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4th Ventricle

Located in the hindbrain, forms from upper pons and lower medulla.

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Central Canal

Continuous passage within the lower medulla leading to the spinal cord.

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CN I (Olfactory Nerve)

Carries special sensory information for the sense of smell.

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Anosmia

Loss of sense of smell, can be caused by age or trauma.

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CN II (Optic Nerve)

Carries special sensory information for vision from the retina.

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Optic Chiasm

Point where optic tracts cross over to the opposite side of the brain.

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Study Notes

Brainstem & Cranial Nerves I-VI

  • The brainstem connects the spinal cord to the forebrain.
  • Cranial nerves I-VI are part of the peripheral nervous system, with specific functions.
  • Specific learning outcomes include identifying the brainstem parts and cranial nerve exit points, describing the components, course, and distribution of nerves I-VI, and explaining clinical applications.
  • Germ layers, during embryonic development, give rise to different body systems. Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm contribute to various structures, including the brainstem, and cranial nerves.
  • The brainstem has three main parts: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, each with different structural components and functions.
  • The midbrain plays a role in processing visual and auditory information, and in voluntary movement reflexes

Cranial Nerve I - Olfactory Nerve

  • Functional component: Special sensory (smell)
  • Originates in the olfactory mucosa of the nasal cavity.
  • Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
  • Enters the olfactory bulb.
  • Travels through the olfactory tract to olfactory areas of the brain.
  • Clinical application: Anosmia (loss of smell) can be caused by age-related reduction in olfactory cells or trauma to the cribriform plate.

Cranial Nerve II - Optic Nerve

  • Functional component: Special sensory (vision)
  • Optic tracts emerge from the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus.
  • Forms the optic chiasm.
  • Exits through the optic canal.
  • Supplies the retina.
  • Fibres from nasal retina decussate (cross) at the optic chiasm; temporal fibres remain ipsilateral.
  • Optic nerves carry vision information to the brain.
  • Clinical application: Visual field defects can result from lesions affecting different parts of the visual pathway.

Cranial Nerve III - Oculomotor Nerve

  • Functional component: Somatic motor (eyeball movement) and visceral motor (pupil and accommodation).
  • Emerges from nuclei in the midbrain.
  • Exits through the superior orbital fissure.
  • Divides into superior and inferior divisions, supplying various extraocular muscles such as superior rectus, levator palpebrae superioris, medial rectus, inferior oblique.
  • Implicated in parasympathetic functions, such as pupil constriction and accommodation.
  • Clinical applications include oculomotor nerve palsy, potentially resulting in ptosis (drooping eyelid) and/or abnormal eye movements.
  • Relation to cerebellar artery, and risk of compression due to aneurysm (blood vessel abnormality)

Cranial Nerve IV - Trochlear Nerve

  • Functional component: Somatic motor (superior oblique muscle).
  • Emerges from the posterior surface of the midbrain.
  • Passes anteriorly in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.
  • Passes through the superior orbital fissure.

Cranial Nerve V - Trigeminal Nerve

  • Emerges from the lateral aspect of the pons.
  • Three main divisions: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3).
  • Functions include both sensory (ophthalmic and maxillary nerves) and motor functions (mandibular nerves).

Cranial Nerve VI - Abducens Nerve

  • Functional component: Somatic motor (lateral rectus muscle).
  • Emerges from the pons.
  • Courses through the cavernous sinus.
  • Exits through the superior orbital fissure.

Extraocular Muscles

  • Different muscles control eye movement in different directions.

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