Biopsych (summary)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a way of studying the brain?

  • Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  • Cytoarchitecture
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
  • Phrenology (correct)

    • What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron?

  • To create a concentration gradient for sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane. (correct)
  • To generate action potentials by rapidly transporting potassium ions out of the cell.
  • To create a membrane potential that is more negative than the resting potential.
  • To maintain the neuron's resting potential by pumping sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out.

    • What is the main difference between an action potential and a graded potential?

  • Graded potentials are all-or-nothing events, while action potentials are not.
  • Graded potentials are faster than action potentials.
  • Action potentials are faster than graded potentials.
  • Action potentials are all-or-nothing events, while graded potentials are not. (correct)

    • What is the role of the myelin sheath in the transmission of action potentials?

    <p>It speeds up conduction by allowing action potentials to jump between nodes of Ranvier. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

    <p>It causes the postsynaptic neuron to become more negative. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the refractory period in a neuron?

    <p>The neuron is less likely to fire an action potential than usual. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the parietal lobe?

    <p>Touch, balance, and movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of somatosensation?

    <p>Olfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the basilar membrane in the inner ear?

    <p>Determining the frequency of sound based on the location of bending. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a genetic condition that results in a masculine phenotype in XX individuals?

    <p>Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is involved in the processing of sexual behavior?

    <p>Hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neurotransmitter associated with pair bonding and social attachment?

    <p>Oxytocin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cognitive abilities is typically associated with males?

    <p>Spatial reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Savic and Lindstromin's (2008) research, which of the following statements is true regarding the amygdala in gay men?

    <p>It has a similar structure to the amygdala in heterosexual women. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain regions is known to be larger in homosexual men than in heterosexual men?

    <p>Superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed explanation for the differences in brain structures between heterosexual and homosexual individuals?

    <p>A combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Dualism

    The belief that mind and body are separate entities that influence behavior.

    Cytoarchitecture

    Study of the cellular structure and organization of the brain.

    Neuropsychology

    The study of how brain lesions affect behavior and cognitive functions.

    Action potential

    An all-or-nothing electrical impulse that travels down the axon of a neuron.

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    Resting potential

    The electrical charge of a neuron when it is not being stimulated, typically around -65mV.

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    Myelinated axons

    Axons covered with myelin that conduct action potentials faster via saltatory conduction.

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    EPSP

    Excitatory post-synaptic potential that increases the likelihood of neuron firing.

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    Refractory period

    A period after action potential when a neuron is less responsive to stimuli.

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    Occipital lobe

    The part of the brain responsible for visual processing.

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    Somatosensation

    The ability to perceive physical sensations like touch, temperature, and pain.

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    Synesthesia

    A condition where stimulation of one sense leads to automatic experiences in another sense.

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    Basilar membrane

    Structure in the inner ear that translates sound vibrations into electrical signals.

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    SCN

    Suprachiasmatic nucleus, a brain region that regulates circadian rhythms and differs between sexual orientations.

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    Doppler effect

    The change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the source of the wave.

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    Parkinson’s disease

    A neurodegenerative disorder resulting from loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain, affecting movement.

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    Study Notes

    Theories of the Brain

    • Aristotle believed the heart was the center of thought, crucial for life, sensitive to touch, and emotionally affected.
    • Modern understanding posits that invertebrates have sensations but lack brains, implying the brain isn't essential for life and is not touch or emotionally sensitive.
    • Descartes' dualism proposed that the mind and body are separate, with the brain acting like a machine.
    • Gall proposed the size of brain areas correlates with their influence.
    • The brain is studied using methods like cytoarchitecture (cell connectivity), neuropsychology (brain lesion studies), and imaging techniques (MRI, fMRI, EEG, ERP), and stimulating techniques (TMS).

    Ways of Studying the Brain

    • Neuropsychology: focuses on brain lesions and their effects on behavior.
    • Imaging techniques:
      • MRI provides good spatial resolution and poor temporal resolution, suitable for anatomical studies.
      • fMRI measures brain activity by changes in blood flow; it has good spatial resolution and poor temporal resolution.
      • EEG uses electrodes to measure electrical brain activity, offering good temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution.
      • ERP measures brief electrical changes related to sensory or cognitive processing, offering both good temporal and spatial resolution.
    • Stimulating techniques:
      • TMS delivers magnetic pulses to stimulate specific brain areas, providing good spatial and temporal resolution.

    Action Potential

    • Action potentials are rapid, all-or-nothing electrical signals generated at the axon hillock and propagated along the axon.
    • Myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons.
    • EPSPs (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials) are graded potentials.
    • IPSPs (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials) are graded potentials.
    • Sodium-potassium pumps maintain a resting potential.

    Somatosensation

    • Haptic (touch):
      • Meissner's corpuscles detect light touch. Rapid adaptation
      • Pacinian corpuscles detect vibration. Rapid adaptation
      • Ruffini corpuscles detect sustained pressure. Rapid adaptation
    • Nociception (pain and temperature): Slow adaptation
    • Proprioception (body awareness): Rapid adaptation

    Sound

    • Sound is detected by sensory receptors in the inner ear.
    • Loudness is determined by amplitude (number of air molecule vibrations).
    • Frequency relates to pitch.
    • The Doppler effect demonstrates changes in perceived pitch with changes in distance or frequency, like police sirens.

    Other Brain Areas, Functions & Diseases

    • Brodmann areas classify brain regions; they have different functions
    • Limbic system includes the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, responsible for emotions and memory
    • Sleep stages include REM and nREM, with different brain activity and functions.
    • Genetic mutations like Turner's syndrome (XO) and CAH can cause disruptions in sexual development and behavior.
    • Damage to the brain affects sensory, motor and cognitive functions.
    • Oxytocin, a hormone, is linked to pair bonding.
    • Differences in brain structure have been observed between gay and straight men and women.

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    Related Documents

    Biopsych Revision Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the evolution of theories regarding the brain, from Aristotle's views to modern understandings. This quiz covers various methods of studying the brain, including neuropsychology and advanced imaging techniques. Test your knowledge on historical perspectives and contemporary research tools.

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