Brain Structure and Psychosis Overview

<p>Reduced social engagement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clozapine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticostriatal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute dystonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They worsen cognitive and negative symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid prescribing more than one medication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effective for treating negative symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitates movement control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysphoria and loss of pleasure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They improve cognitive and negative symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases the risk of adverse drug interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% genetic and 50% environmental (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tardive dyskinesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction in the severity of symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leads to drug-induced psychosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased responsiveness to dopamine due to treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates the endocrine system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancement of pleasure and threat evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Worsening of cognitive impairment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are less sedating and cause fewer movement problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Worsening of cognitive functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support for sustained maintenance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tardive dyskinesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predicting individual responses to drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrapyramidal side effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

New symptoms appearing in psychosis, e.g., hallucinations, delusions.

Lost or diminished symptoms in psychosis, e.g., reduced social engagement, emotional flatness.

Specific neural circuits of dopamine that project to different brain areas.

Regulates emotion, reward processing, and threat evaluation.

Regulates cognition, motivation, and social behavior.

Binds to a receptor, triggering a response.

Binds to a receptor, blocking a response.

The time a person has untreated psychosis; longer DUP = poorer outcomes.

50% genetic, 50% environmental factors contribute to the risk.

Modulate dopamine system, blocking receptors to treat positive symptoms.

The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Each division has specialized functions.

The cerebellum is part of the hindbrain and is responsible for motor control, coordination, and learning.

Psychosis is a mental health condition characterized by a loss of contact with reality, often including hallucinations and delusions.

Positive symptoms are new experiences like hallucinations and delusions, while negative symptoms are a loss of function like social withdrawal.

The brain has four major dopamine pathways: Mesolimbic, Mesocortical, Nigrostriatal, and Tuberinfundibular. Each pathway connects specific brain areas.

The mesolimbic pathway regulates emotions, reward processing, and threat evaluation.

The mesocortical pathway regulates cognition, motivation, and social engagement.

Antipsychotic medications are used to treat psychosis by modulating dopamine activity in the brain. They primarily act as dopamine receptor antagonists.

Antipsychotics can suppress the mesolimbic pathway, potentially leading to dysphoria (loss of pleasure) and reduced threat detection.

Clozapine is a second-generation antipsychotic that shows high efficacy, but it has significant side effects, including sedation and drooling. It's usually prescribed after other treatments fail.

It regulates emotions, reward processing and threat evaluation. Dysregulation can lead to psychosis due to hyperactivity in the salience portion.

Antipsychotics can suppress the Mesolimbic pathway, potentially leading to dysphoria (loss of pleasure) and reduced threat detection. This can make patients feel less motivated and less responsive to rewards.

It regulates cognition, motivation, and social engagement. In psychosis, it can be underactive which leads to the negative symptoms.

They can suppress the Mesocortical pathway even further, potentially worsening negative symptoms like cognitive impairment and social withdrawal. However, they can be beneficial for positive symptoms.

First-generation antipsychotics often worsen cognitive and negative symptoms, while second-generation antipsychotics improve these symptoms without causing movement problems.

It is considered the most effective antipsychotic but has significant side effects like sedation and drooling. It's usually prescribed after other treatments fail.

While effective in the mesolimbic pathway for psychosis, dopamine blockade can cause side effects like movement problems and metabolic issues in other parts of the brain.

They include Extrapyramidal side effects like muscle spasms, restlessness, stiffness, and involuntary movements. They can also lead to metabolic issues like weight gain, diabetes, and lipid problems.

It refers to being on multiple medications at once. It is generally avoided due to the increased risk of interactions and adverse effects. It is often used in the case of treatment-resistant psychosis.

It aims to refine medications, reduce side effects, increase adherence, and develop new medications that target other neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and glutamate.