422 Questions
What is a key advantage of external fertilization?
Protection of eggs from desiccation
Which type of fertilization allows for reproduction without the need for a watery environment?
Internal fertilization
Why is internal fertilization more advantageous in ensuring successful fertilization?
It provides a higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg
Which group of animals commonly utilizes external fertilization?
Fish and amphibians
What aspect of vertebrate biology is significantly influenced by their diverse reproductive strategies?
Reproductive success
What hormone primarily drives the process of spermatogenesis in males?
Testosterone
What is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Penetrating the egg's outer layers during fertilization
Which cell organelle in a sperm cell is responsible for providing the necessary energy for motility?
Middle portion (neck)
What hormone regulates the cyclical events of oogenesis in females?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium shed?
Menstruation phase
Which reproductive mode provides protection to the eggs while avoiding the metabolic costs associated with true vivipary?
Ovovivipary
What is a common characteristic of precocial species in terms of offspring development?
Relatively mature and independent offspring
Which vertebrates are known for reproductive care activities like nest building, egg guarding, feeding, and teaching?
Many songbirds
What is the primary function of the male reproductive organs known as testes?
Produce sperm cells
Which evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo, protecting it from dehydration and physical harm?
Amniotic egg
Which male reproductive organ produces an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina to protect sperm?
Prostate Gland
Where do sperm cells mature and get stored after being produced in the testes?
Epididymis
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for delivering sperm into the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse?
Penis
Which female reproductive organ connects the ovaries to the uterus and is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium that helps transport egg cells?
Fallopian Tubes
Which male puberty phase is primarily stimulated by the hormone testosterone?
All of the above
What triggers ovulation during the menstrual cycle?
Peak levels of LH
During copulation, where do sperm cells need to reach for fertilization to occur?
The fallopian tubes
What is the role of the chorionic villi during pregnancy?
Extend into the endometrium and contribute to placenta formation
What is the fate of the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
It remains active and continues to secrete progesterone
Which hormone stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovaries?
FSH
What is the role of the placenta in the development of the fetus?
Exchange nutrients and waste products between the mother and the fetus
Which process involves the formation of finger-like structures called villi?
Implantation
What is the function of white matter in the brain and spinal cord?
Comprising myelinated axons
Which part of the nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions?
Autonomic system
What is the main function of neurotransmitters at synapses?
Pass impulses between neurons
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
Coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance
Which part of the brain is crucial for maintaining homeostasis by controlling functions like hunger, thirst, and body temperature?
Hypothalamus
What is the main role of motor (efferent) neurons in the nervous system?
Transmitting impulses to muscles and glands
Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the function of interneurons in the nervous system?
Connecting sensory and motor neurons
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
Control involuntary actions in the body
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Link sensory neurons to motor neurons
Which part of a neuron covers the axon, speeds up impulse transmission, and provides insulation?
Myelin Sheath
What is the main difference in function between sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent) neurons?
Sensory neurons transmit impulses towards the central nervous system, while motor neurons transmit impulses away from it.
Which mode of reproduction enhances the survival rate of offspring by providing a controlled environment for development and reducing the risk of predation and environmental hazards?
Vivipary
Which developmental strategy involves producing relatively mature and independent offspring that are born with their eyes open, covered in down or fur, and can stand, walk, or swim shortly after birth?
Precocial
Which evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo, protecting it from dehydration and physical harm?
Amniotic Egg
Which reproductive strategy allows for the production of a large number of offspring, increasing survival chances under high mortality rates?
External fertilization
Which male reproductive organ is primarily responsible for producing sperm cells and the hormone testosterone?
Testes
What is a significant advantage of internal fertilization compared to external fertilization in vertebrates?
Greater protection of eggs
Which of the following is a key requirement for successful external fertilization in vertebrates?
Watery environment
Which aspect of vertebrate biology is greatly influenced by the diversity of reproductive strategies among vertebrates?
Reproductive Success
What evolutionary advantage does internal fertilization provide to terrestrial animals?
Independence from specific environmental conditions
Why can external fertilization be a risky strategy for vertebrates in certain environments?
Increased vulnerability to predators
What is the function of Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?
Lubricating the urethra for sperm to pass through
What is the primary function of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?
Transporting egg cells from ovary to uterus
Which female reproductive organ serves as the birth canal and the passage for menstrual blood?
Vagina
What is the role of Seminal Vesicles in the male reproductive system?
Providing energy for sperm cells
How does the hormone testosterone primarily influence male puberty?
Developing male secondary sexual characteristics
What is the primary driver of female puberty and the subsequent growth of female sex organs?
Oestrogen
Which hormone primarily stimulates the development of male gametes within the testes?
Testosterone
During oogenesis, what process leads to the formation of four haploid cells, with only one surviving to become a mature ovum?
Meiosis
Which part of a sperm cell primarily supplies the energy required for its motility?
Middle portion (neck)
What contributes to the sex determination of offspring through the gametes produced during spermatogenesis?
Whether the gamete carries an X or a Y chromosome
What is the main difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?
The autonomic system controls involuntary functions, while the somatic system controls voluntary functions.
Which structures are formed from the outer membrane of the embryo after implantation?
Chorion and villi
What is the main role of synapses in the nervous system?
Facilitate transmission of impulses between neurons
What is the primary function of grey matter in the nervous system?
Contain cell bodies and dendrites
During what stage does the zygote develop into a blastocyst?
Implantation
What is the process where the Graafian follicle transforms into the corpus luteum and secretes progesterone?
Luteal Phase
Which hormone peaks around day 14, triggering ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum?
LH
What is the name of the solid ball of cells formed through continuous mitotic division of the zygote?
Morula
Which part of the blastocyst secretes enzymes that aid in the implantation process?
Chorion
What is formed from the chorion to contribute to placenta formation during pregnancy?
Villi
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and maintaining balance and muscle tension?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the primary function of interneurons in the central nervous system?
Connecting sensory and motor neurons
Which part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary muscles to react to changes in the external environment?
Somatic Nervous System
What is the role of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?
Facilitates communication between the left and right hemispheres
Which part of the central nervous system is responsible for interpreting sensations from sense organs?
Cerebrum
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for restoring the body to a normal state after an emergency has passed?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which part of the neuron is responsible for carrying impulses towards the central nervous system?
Dendrites
What is the main role of adrenaline in the sympathetic nervous system?
Widen bronchioles
In which situation would the autonomic nervous system be most active?
During a stressful job interview
Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for linking sensory neurons to motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord?
Interneurons (Connectors)
What is a significant advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization?
It ensures successful fertilization by increasing the likelihood of sperm meeting egg.
Which statement accurately describes a limitation of external fertilization?
It requires specific environmental conditions, like water, for fertilization.
Why can external fertilization be a risky strategy for vertebrates in certain environments?
It exposes eggs to desiccation and predation.
What evolutionary advantage does internal fertilization provide to terrestrial animals?
Higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg in the female's body.
How does internal fertilization contribute to reproductive success in terrestrial animals?
By ensuring a higher likelihood of sperm reaching the egg.
What evolutionary advantage does ovipary provide to parents compared to vivipary?
Spreading the risk of predation
How does vivipary differ from ovovivipary in terms of nutrition for the developing young?
Young receive nutrition from the egg yolk
What is the primary hormone driving female puberty and the growth of female sex organs?
Oestrogen
What is a key difference in offspring development between precocial and altricial species?
Precocial offspring require extensive parental care
Which feature of amniotic eggs contributes significantly to allowing reptiles, birds, and certain mammals to reproduce away from water bodies?
Multiple membranes providing protection
Which hormone is primarily responsible for initiating spermatogenesis in males?
Testosterone
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the development of a mature Graafian follicle occur in the ovaries?
Follicular Phase (Days 8-13)
What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Contain enzymes for penetrating the egg's layers
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for producing alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidic vaginal environment and protect sperm?
Prostate Gland
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for releasing a mucus-like fluid that lubricates the urethra before ejaculation?
Seminal Vesicles
In the male reproductive system, which gland produces an alkaline fluid that contributes to the neutralization of the acidic vaginal environment?
Prostate Gland
Where does the tail of a sperm cell primarily derive its energy from?
Mitochondria
Which female reproductive organ is responsible for stretching and opening to allow a baby through during childbirth?
Cervix
In female reproduction, what is the primary function of the Fallopian Tubes?
Transport egg cells to the uterus
What is the specific process where the Graafian follicle bursts to release an egg cell?
Ovulation
Which hormone is primarily responsible for thickening the endometrium in preparation for potential embryo implantation?
Oestrogen
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum stop producing progesterone if fertilization does not occur?
Luteal Phase
What is the role of the chorion in the development of the blastocyst?
Forms extra-embryonic membranes
Which of the following hormones prevents menstruation and supports pregnancy post-ovulation?
Progesterone
What is the correct term for the solid ball of cells formed through continuous mitotic division of the zygote?
Morula
Which part of the nervous system consists of cell bodies and dendrites?
Grey Matter
What is the term for the fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo?
Amnion
Which system in the human body regulates involuntary bodily functions?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the primary function of the chorion in embryonic development?
Form finger-like structures called villi
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for maintaining the body's homeostasis by controlling functions like hunger, thirst, sleep, and body temperature?
Medulla Oblongata
Which cell type is responsible for transmitting impulses from the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord?
Sensory Neurons
What is the function of the Hypothalamus in the brain?
Maintaining body's homeostasis
What is the main role of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?
Connecting left and right brain hemispheres
Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?
Autonomic Nervous System
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing peristalsis and causing relaxation of the bladder wall?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
In the nervous system, which type of neuron has the structure that allows it to carry impulses towards the central nervous system?
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Which female reproductive organ is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium and helps transport egg cells?
Fallopian Tubes
Which hormone, crucially linked to the autonomic nervous system, plays a key role in preparing the body for 'fight or flight' situations?
Adrenaline
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in a neuron?
Insulation and speeding up the transmission of electrical impulses
What is a key advantage of ovipary in reproduction?
It allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously.
Which developmental strategy aims to reduce the burden of extensive parental care?
Precocial
What is a significant advantage of vivipary over ovipary in reproduction?
Higher survival rate of offspring by avoiding excessive predation.
In the context of vertebrate reproduction, what feature of the amniotic egg allows for reproduction away from water bodies?
Equipped with a shell and several membranes.
How does altricial offspring development differ from precocial development in terms of parental care?
Precocial offspring need more parental care.
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for maintaining the sperm at a temperature slightly lower than the body's core temperature, ideal for sperm production?
Epididymis
What is the role of Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?
Lubricates the urethra for sperm passage
Where do the Vas Deferens transport sperm from and to within the male reproductive system?
From the epididymis to the urethra
What is the primary function of Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?
Transports egg cells from the ovaries to the uterus
Which female reproductive organ is responsible for producing egg cells and secreting hormones like progesterone and estrogen?
Ovaries
What is a potential disadvantage of external fertilization for vertebrates?
Vulnerability to environmental conditions
Why can internal fertilization be considered a more complex reproductive strategy compared to external fertilization?
Requirement for specialized reproductive structures
Which factor contributes significantly to the effectiveness of internal fertilization in vertebrates?
Protection from environmental hazards
What key advantage does external fertilization offer to vertebrates in terms of reproductive success?
Increased offspring survival rates
In what way does the diversity of reproductive strategies contribute to the adaptive responses of vertebrates?
Enabling occupation of different environments
What is the primary hormone driving male puberty and the growth of male sex organs?
Testosterone
During spermatogenesis, what is the function of the mitochondria in a sperm cell?
Supplying energy for motility
What is the main difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
Number of functional gametes produced
Which hormone regulates the enlargement and meiotic division of a follicle during oogenesis?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Enzymes for penetrating the egg's outer layers during fertilization
What triggers ovulation on approximately day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Increased LH levels
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the Graafian follicle transform into the corpus luteum?
Luteal phase
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum during a menstrual cycle?
Produce progesterone
Which hormone prevents menstruation and supports pregnancy post-fertilization?
Progesterone
What is the main function of the amnion and chorion in embryonic development?
Contribute to placenta formation
What is the process that occurs on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for coordinating involuntary bodily functions?
Sympathetic nervous system
What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?
Connects to the embryo via the umbilical cord
Which structure in the neuron speeds up impulse transmission and provides insulation?
Myelin sheath
What is the main role of the central nervous system?
Transmitting impulses throughout the body
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
Maintaining homeostasis by regulating involuntary bodily functions
Which part of the neuron is responsible for carrying impulses towards the central nervous system?
Dendrites
What is the main difference in function between sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent) neurons?
Sensory neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system, while motor neurons carry impulses towards it.
What hormone is primarily linked with the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenaline
Where does the connection between neurons occur to enable the transmission of signals?
Synapse
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for interpreting sensations from sense organs and enabling the perception of sight, sound, and touch?
Cerebellum
What is the main role of interneurons in the central nervous system?
Coordinate all voluntary movements
In the nervous system, what is the primary function of the spinal cord?
Facilitates communication between left and right brain hemispheres
Which component of the central nervous system ensures both hemispheres of the brain can work together efficiently?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system within the peripheral nervous system?
Coordinate all body movements and muscle tension
Why does external fertilization require specific environmental conditions?
To facilitate the fertilization process
Which strategy allows terrestrial animals to reproduce without the need for a watery environment?
Internal Fertilization
What is a key advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization?
Sperm meeting egg is more likely
In what way does internal fertilization contribute to reproductive success in terrestrial animals?
By ensuring a controlled environment for development
Why does internal fertilization provide a higher likelihood of successful fertilization compared to external fertilization?
Due to the controlled and internal nature of the process
During spermatogenesis, what is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Contain enzymes for penetrating the egg's outer layers
In females, what is the primary role of the jelly layer surrounding an egg cell?
Safeguard the egg during early development
Which of the following hormones regulates the menstrual cycle by stimulating follicle development?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
In vertebrates, what evolutionary advantage does ovovivipary offer compared to ovipary and vivipary?
Avoids the metabolic costs associated with true vivipary
What is the primary function of the Graafian follicle during the menstrual cycle?
Develop into a mature ovum for ovulation
Which reproductive strategy enhances the survival rates of offspring by producing relatively mature and independent young?
Precocial development
Which of the following accurately describes the role of mitochondria in a sperm cell?
Provide energy for swimming through fluid
What is a key aspect of the amniotic egg's evolutionary significance for terrestrial vertebrates?
Provides a controlled environment for embryo development
Which statement best describes the function of the male reproductive organs known as testes?
Produce sperm cells and the hormone testosterone
How is parental care linked to the reproductive strategy and developmental mode in vertebrates?
Parental care directly influences the reproductive success of parents
What event marks the end of the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?
Implantation
Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus post-ovulation?
Progesterone
What is the primary function of the amniotic fluid during fetal development?
To protect the fetus from physical harm
During copulation, where are sperm cells released close to in the female reproductive system?
Cervix
Which component of the nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which structure in the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium during implantation?
Chorionic villi
What is the primary function of the chorion in fetal development?
To aid in the formation of the placenta
What process occurs if fertilization does not take place during days 23-28 of the menstrual cycle?
Breakdown of the endometrium
Which process occurs after implantation during fetal development?
Development of the umbilical cord
What is the role of synapses in the nervous system?
Pass impulses between neurons
What is the function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
Produce a nutrient-rich fluid for sperm energy
Which structure in the female reproductive system is responsible for transporting egg cells from the ovary to the uterus?
Fallopian Tubes
What is the primary role of the vas deferens (sperm duct) in the male reproductive system?
Transport sperm from the testes to the urethra
Which gland in the male reproductive system produces a mucus-like fluid to lubricate the urethra?
Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland)
What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
Mature and store sperm cells
What is the main role of the autonomic nervous system?
Responding to internal and external stimuli
Which nervous system branch is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the function of interneurons in the nervous system?
Link sensory neurons to motor neurons
Which part of a neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?
Axon
What is the primary function of myelin sheath in a neuron?
Speed up transmission of electrical impulses
What is the role of the medulla oblongata in the central nervous system?
Regulating involuntary functions like heartbeat and breathing
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for memory, reasoning, and intelligence?
Cerebrum
What is the primary function of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?
Detect stimuli and transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain
What is the main role of the corpus callosum in the brain?
Facilitating communication between left and right brain hemispheres
Which type of neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for neutralizing the acidic environment of the vagina to protect sperm and enhance their viability?
Seminal Vesicles
What is the primary function of Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?
Lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through
Where does sperm maturation and storage primarily occur after being produced in the testes?
Epididymis
Which component of the female reproductive system serves as the site of implantation and placenta formation?
Endometrium
What is the primary function of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?
Transports egg cells from ovary to uterus
What is the primary role of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?
Producing progesterone
Which hormone is primarily responsible for thickening the endometrium in preparation for embryo implantation?
Oestrogen
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the Graafian follicle transform into the corpus luteum?
Ovulation Phase
What triggers the release of an egg cell from the Graafian follicle?
Rise in Luteinizing Hormone (LH) levels
Which structure plays a key role in secreting enzymes that aid in the embedding process of the blastocyst into the endometrium?
Chorionic Villi
During spermatogenesis, what drives the division of diploid germinal epithelial cells to generate haploid sperm cells?
Testosterone
In oogenesis, what is the main role of FSH during follicle development?
Promoting enlargement of the follicles
What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Enzyme release for egg penetration
Which type of cell division leads to the production of haploid spermatids in males?
Meiosis
What is the significance of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle if fertilization occurs?
It produces progesterone to maintain uterine lining
What advantage does external fertilization offer in terms of offspring production?
High number of offspring to increase survival chances
Why does internal fertilization provide a higher likelihood of successful fertilization compared to external fertilization?
Allows reproduction without the need for water
In what way does external fertilization pose a challenge compared to internal fertilization?
Requires specific environmental conditions like water
Which feature allows internal fertilization to occur without the need for a watery environment?
Fertilization occurring inside the female's body
How does internal fertilization contribute to the adaptive responses of terrestrial animals?
Supports the production of a controlled environment for offspring
What is the key advantage of ovipary in terms of reproductive success?
It allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously.
How does the altricial developmental strategy differ from the precocial strategy?
The altricial strategy results in potentially higher brain mass and more complex behaviors in adulthood.
What evolutionary advantage does the amniotic egg provide for terrestrial vertebrates?
It allows reproduction away from water bodies.
Which statement accurately describes parental care among vertebrates?
Parental care is directly linked to the reproductive strategy and developmental mode of the offspring.
What is a distinctive feature of ovovivipary compared to ovipary and vivipary?
Eggs are retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch.
What is the term used to describe the process where the embryo embeds itself into the endometrium?
Implantation
Which fluid-filled sac surrounds the embryo during development?
Amniotic Fluid
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tension, ensuring smooth, coordinated body movements?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the main function of grey matter in the brain and spinal cord?
Covering Cell Bodies and Dendrites
What marks the end of the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle if fertilization does not occur?
Degradation of Corpus Luteum
What is the primary function of interneurons in the central nervous system?
Connecting sensory and motor neurons
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary muscles, managing functions not under conscious control like heartbeat and digestion?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the primary role of the cerebrum in the brain?
Interpreting sensations from sense organs
Which type of neurons detect stimuli and transmit impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?
(Afferent) Neurons
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in a neuron?
To provide insulation and speed up the transmission of electrical impulses
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for decreasing heart rate?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the main role of the dendrites in a neuron?
To receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body
Which type of neuron responds to stimuli by transmitting impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
What is the function of adrenaline in the sympathetic nervous system?
Widen bronchioles and dilate pupils
What is a potential evolutionary disadvantage of internal fertilization for terrestrial animals?
Increased parental care responsibilities
Why is external fertilization advantageous in terms of maximizing offspring survival under high mortality conditions?
Increased chances of fertilization in a water environment
How does internal fertilization contribute to reproductive success in vertebrates beyond just increasing the likelihood of sperm meeting egg?
Protection of eggs from desiccation
What is a significant limitation of external fertilization for vertebrates in certain ecological niches?
Dependency on specific environmental conditions
In what way does internal fertilization provide a reproductive advantage that external fertilization might lack?
Increased control over timing and location of fertilization
What is a significant advantage of the ovoviviparous reproductive strategy over vivipary?
Reducing metabolic costs associated with development
What is the primary driver of male gamete (sperm cell) production within the male reproductive organs?
Testosterone
How does the altricial developmental strategy benefit offspring compared to the precocial strategy?
Higher brain mass and more complex behaviors in adulthood
Which structure in a sperm cell primarily contains enzymes essential for penetrating the egg during fertilization?
Head
What is a key function of the amniotic egg in terrestrial vertebrates?
Enhancing the survival rate of offspring
During which phase of oogenesis does the diploid germinal epithelium undergo mitosis to form multiple follicles?
Follicular phase
In vertebrates, which type of species typically undergoes precocial development?
Birds
Which hormone regulates the cyclical events of oogenesis in females?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
What distinguishes ovipary from vivipary in terms of offspring development?
Fully developed miniature adults at birth
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for producing a nutrient-rich fluid that provides energy for sperm cells?
Seminal Vesicles
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?
Production of progesterone
In the male reproductive system, which gland produces an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina?
Prostate Gland
Where are sperm cells stored after maturation in the male reproductive system?
Epididymis
What is the primary function of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?
Neutralize acidic urine in the urethra
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for delivering sperm into the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse?
Penis
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?
Producing progesterone to prepare the endometrium for potential embryo implantation
During what stage of the menstrual cycle does the Graafian follicle release an egg cell?
Day 8-14
Which hormone peaks around Day 14 of the menstrual cycle, triggering ovulation?
LH
What is the role of the chorionic villi in early pregnancy?
Contributing to placenta formation
How does the zygote develop post-fertilization?
Developing into a morula before transforming into a blastocyst in the uterus
What is the main difference between a Graafian follicle and a blastocyst?
The Graafian follicle contains the egg cell while the blastocyst is a structure formed after fertilization.
What is the function of the umbilical cord in the development of the fetus?
It carries oxygenated blood from the embryo to the placenta.
What role do chorion villi play in fetal development?
They assist in delivering nutrients from the mother to the fetus.
How does the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic nervous system?
The autonomic system is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, unlike the somatic system.
What is the primary function of grey matter in the brain and spinal cord?
To process information by containing cell bodies and dendrites.
What is the primary function of interneurons in the central nervous system?
Connecting sensory and motor neurons for interpretation and motor output
What is the primary role of the cerebellum in the brain?
Coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance
Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands?
Axon terminals
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
Maintaining body's homeostasis through autonomic functions
Which structure ensures efficient communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus Callosum
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for decreasing heart rate?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which neuron carries impulses away from the cell body towards effectors like muscles and glands?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Which part of a neuron speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses and provides insulation?
Axon
What is the main function of Interneurons (Connectors) in the nervous system?
Link sensory neurons to motor neurons
Which type of neuron senses stimuli and transmits impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
What is a key advantage of ovovivipary compared to vivipary?
Reduced metabolic costs associated with reproduction
Which mode of reproduction is most effective in spreading the risk of individual predation?
Ovipary
What is a significant difference between precocial and altricial species in terms of offspring development?
Altricial offspring can stand and walk shortly after birth
Which evolutionary advancement enables certain vertebrates to reproduce away from water bodies?
Amniotic Egg
How does parental care directly influence the reproductive success of vertebrates?
By reducing the chances of predation on young
What is the term used to describe the process where the embryo embeds itself into the endometrium?
Implantation
Which component of the central nervous system acts as the primary control center for processing and transmitting information throughout the body?
Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the primary function of the Cowper's Gland in the male reproductive system?
Neutralization of acidic urine in the urethra
What is the function of the chorion villi in fetal development?
Growing into uterine tissue to form the placenta
Which structure plays a crucial role in protecting sperm from the acidic environment of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
Cervix
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the development of a mature Graafian follicle in the ovaries?
Follicular Phase
In the male reproductive system, what is the primary function of the Seminal Vesicles?
Providing energy-rich fluid for sperm mobility
What is the main role of neurotransmitters at synapses in the nervous system?
Transmitting impulses between neurons
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for transporting sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?
Vas Deferens (Sperm Duct)
What is the role of the Epididymis in the male reproductive system?
Maturation and storage of sperm cells
What is a potential disadvantage for aquatic animals utilizing external fertilization?
Increased risk of desiccation
How does internal fertilization in terrestrial animals contribute to reproductive success?
Provides a higher likelihood of fertilization
What ecological niche is external fertilization particularly suited for?
Freshwater habitats
Why is internal fertilization considered an adaptive response for terrestrial animals?
Facilitates reproduction away from water bodies
What aspect of external fertilization poses a challenge for vertebrates in certain environments?
Requirement for specific environmental conditions
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
Acting as a control center for autonomic functions
Which part of the nervous system coordinates reflexes independently from the brain?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the main role of the corpus callosum in brain function?
Facilitating communication between the two brain hemispheres
Which type of neurons detect stimuli and transmit impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?
Supporting pregnancy through progesterone secretion
What is the primary role of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?
Acting as the main pathway for information between the brain and peripheral nervous system
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum shrink and stop producing progesterone if fertilization does not occur?
Luteal Phase
What is the role of LH in the menstrual cycle?
Inducing ovulation and forming corpus luteum
How does the endometrium change if fertilization occurs in the menstrual cycle?
Decidualization of the endometrium
How does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for emergency situations?
By constricting blood vessels in the skin and increasing blood pressure
What happens to the endometrium if fertilization does not occur in the menstrual cycle?
The endometrial lining sheds
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Decreases heart rate and narrows bronchioles
What is the role of adrenaline in 'fight or flight' situations?
Increases blood pressure and widens bronchioles
Which system works antagonistically to ensure internal balance?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
What is the function of interneurons in the nervous system?
Process information and link sensory to motor neurons
What is the primary difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
Spermatogenesis results in the production of four haploid cells, while oogenesis results in one mature ovum.
How does the composition of a sperm cell differ from an ovum?
A sperm cell has 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome, while an ovum has 23 autosomes.
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle in females?
Estrogen
What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell during fertilization?
It carries enzymes essential for penetrating the egg's outer layers.
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the lining of the uterus break down and shed?
Menstruation phase
What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?
Equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
Which structures in the inner ear are part of the bony labyrinth and filled with perilymph?
Semi-circular canals
What is the function of the organ of Corti in the human ear?
Converting sound into nerve impulses
What is a common cause of middle ear infections in humans?
Pathogens entering through the Eustachian tube
How are pressure waves generated in the cochlea's endolymph?
By movement of the oval window
What is a treatment option for deafness that involves converting sound vibrations into electrical impulses?
Cochlear implants
How do cristae play a role in maintaining balance in humans?
Detecting changes in body speed and direction
What is the significance of a reflex action?
To ensure a quick automatic reaction
In Alzheimer's disease, what is a characteristic symptom caused by progressive brain cell death?
Memory loss
What occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS) due to the body's immune system attacking neurons' myelin sheath?
Impaired neuronal function
What is the primary function of effectors in the nervous system?
Responding to nerve impulses
Which component of the nervous system controls voluntary actions?
Somatic nervous system
What is the function of receptors in the body's response to stimuli?
Detecting changes in the environment
Which structure in a reflex arc is responsible for converting a stimulus into an impulse?
Receptor
What is the function of the interneuron in a reflex arc?
Carries the impulse from sensory neuron to motor neuron
During a reflex action, which component is responsible for producing the response?
Effector
What is the sequence of transmission of impulses in a reflex arc?
Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Motor Neuron → Effector
Which component of a reflex arc is responsible for transmitting the impulse from the spinal cord to the effectors?
Motor Neuron
What happens immediately after the impulse reaches the effector in a reflex action?
Effector produces a response
Which structure functions as a signaling gateway between the sensory and motor components of a reflex arc?
Interneuron
What role does the sensory neuron play in a reflex arc?
Receives stimuli from receptors
In a reflex arc, what is the primary function of the effector?
Produces responses to stimuli
What distinguishes an interneuron from other components of the reflex arc?
Located between sensory and motor neurons
What is the primary function of the choroid in the human eye?
To absorb light, prevent reflection, and supply nutrients to the retina
What is the function of the ciliary muscles in the human eye?
To adjust the tension on the suspensory ligaments for lens accommodation
What is the purpose of binocular vision in humans?
To judge distance, depth, and object size
Which part of the human ear is responsible for directing sound waves into the auditory canal?
Pinna
What is the main role of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) in the human ear?
To transmit sound waves to the inner ear
How does the human eye adjust to focus on near objects?
By contracting the ciliary muscles and increasing light refraction
In which part of the human eye are cones primarily found?
Retina
What is a common visual defect that can be corrected by wearing glasses with specially shaped lenses?
Astigmatism
Which fluid maintains the shape of the cornea and assists in light refraction between the cornea and lens in the human eye?
Aqueous Humour
What is the function of the optic nerve in relation to vision?
Transmitting impulses from rods and cones to the brain for image interpretation
What is the primary role of the interneuron in a reflex arc?
Carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron
Which component of the reflex arc is responsible for producing the response to a stimulus?
Motor Neuron
In a reflex action, which structure receives a stimulus and converts it into an impulse?
Receptor
What is the main function of the effector in a reflex arc?
Produces the response to the stimulus
Which structure in a reflex arc carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron?
Interneuron
What is the correct sequence of components in a reflex arc from receiving a stimulus to producing a response?
Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Interneuron → Motor Neuron → Effector
Which structure of a reflex arc carries the impulse from the spinal cord to effectors?
Motor Neuron
What is the role of the sensory neuron in a reflex arc?
Carries the impulse from receptor to spinal cord
What function does the effector play in a reflex arc?
Produces response to stimulus
Which component of a reflex arc is located in the spinal cord?
Interneuron
What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?
Equalizing pressure between the middle ear and throat
Which structure in the human ear contains the organ of Corti?
Cochlea
What is the primary role of the ossicles in the human ear?
Amplifying and transmitting vibrations
Which part of the ear is crucial for detecting changes in body speed and head position?
Vestibule
In the human ear, what is the purpose of the semi-circular canals?
Maintaining balance and detecting changes in speed
What happens when the oval window of the ear moves?
Generates pressure waves in the cochlea's endolymph
How do cochlear implants aid individuals with hearing impairments?
By converting sound vibrations into electrical impulses
Which part of the human ear detects changes in position relative to gravity?
Vestibule
What purpose do the little hairs and wax serve in the ear?
Preventing foreign bodies from entering the ear
How are pressure waves generated in the cochlea?
Movement of the oval window
What is the primary function of the ciliary muscles in the human eye?
To change the lens's shape for focusing
Which visual defect is caused by an uneven curvature of the cornea or lens?
Astigmatism
What is the function of the radial muscles in the pupillary mechanism of the human eye?
To relax in bright light
Which part of the human eye plays a minor role in light refraction?
Vitreous Humour
What is the primary role of the choroid in the human eye?
To absorb light
In which part of the human ear are sound waves directed into the auditory canal?
Pinna
What is the main function of the auditory canal in the human ear?
To transmit sound waves to the tympanic membrane
Which section of the human ear is responsible for maintaining balance and equilibrium?
Inner Ear
What is the primary significance of a reflex action?
To ensure immediate response to avoid or mitigate danger
What is the main role of synapses in the reflex arc?
To direct the nerve impulse through the correct pathway
Why is Alzheimer's disease considered irreversible?
As a result of progressive brain cell death over time
What distinguishes multiple sclerosis (MS) from Alzheimer's disease?
MS involves the immune system attacking neurons' myelin sheath, while Alzheimer's affects brain cell death.
Which structure in the eye detects light for vision?
Rods and cones
What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?
To transmit nerve impulses
How do effectors respond to impulses from the nervous system?
By secreting hormones or other substances
What is a distinctive feature of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
It is divided into autonomic and somatic systems
Which component of a reflex arc allows for quick responses without involving the brain?
Interneurons in the spinal cord
What is the primary function of the interneuron in a reflex arc?
Located in the spinal cord and carries impulse between sensory and motor neurons
Which component of a reflex arc converts a stimulus into an impulse?
Receptor
What is the specific sequence of impulse transmission in a reflex arc?
Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Interneuron → Motor Neuron → Effector
What type of response does a reflex action produce?
Rapid and automatic response
Which structure in the eye is involved in dilation and constriction of the pupil in a reflex action?
Pupil
Where does the reflex arc take place when a person quickly withdraws their hand from a hot surface?
Spinal Cord
What is the primary significance of a reflex action?
To provide a quick response to avoid danger without conscious thought
What is the function of effectors in the nervous system?
To respond to impulses sent by the nervous system
In Alzheimer's disease, what is a significant characteristic of brain cell death?
Progressive loss of brain cells leading to memory problems and confusion
What role do synapses play in the reflex arc?
Ensuring the speed and efficiency of the response by guiding nerve impulses correctly
How does multiple sclerosis (MS) affect neurons?
Impairing neuron function by attacking the myelin sheath
What is the primary role of receptors in the body's response to stimuli?
Converting stimuli into electrical signals called nerve impulses
How do photoreceptors in the eye contribute to sensory perception?
Detecting light and color
What is the function of the ciliary muscles in the human eye?
Altering the lens shape for accommodation
Which part of the human eye contains blood vessels and pigments that absorb light?
Ciliary Body
What change occurs in the lens of the human eye when viewing objects closer than 6 meters?
It becomes more convex
Which part of the human ear is responsible for directing sound waves into the auditory canal?
Pinna
What is the role of the vitreous humour in the human eye?
Maintaining the eyeball's shape
Which visual defect results in difficulty seeing close objects clearly?
Long-sightedness (Hyperopia)
What is the primary function of the optic nerve in the human eye?
Transmitting impulses from the retina to the brain
Which part of the human eye plays a minor role in light refraction?
Yellow Spot (Macula)
What structure in the human ear is responsible for transmitting sound waves to the tympanic membrane?
Auditory Canal
Which component of binocular vision allows for judging distance, depth, and object size?
Stereoscopic Vision
How do the ossicles contribute to the functioning of the human ear?
Amplify sound vibrations and transmit them to the oval window
What is the role of the organ of Corti in the human ear?
Convert sound into nerve impulses
How are balance and equilibrium maintained in the human body?
Detecting changes in head position relative to gravity
Which structure in the human ear is responsible for equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?
Eustachian tube
What can lead to a middle ear infection and inflammation?
Pathogens entering through the Eustachian tube
How do cochlear implants differ from hearing aids in treating deafness?
Convert sound vibrations into electrical impulses
What is the function of the semi-circular canals in maintaining balance?
Detect changes in body's speed and direction
What is the primary role of the tympanic membrane?
Trap sound waves and direct them into the auditory canal
Which component of the human ear is responsible for generating pressure waves in the cochlea's endolymph?
Oval window
What is the purpose of inserting grommets (draining tubes) into the tympanic membrane during middle ear infections?
Drain fluid buildup and reduce inflammation
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