Nov Exam Easy 1

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Which reproductive strategy involves the release of eggs and sperm into the water?

External Fertilization (correct)

Internal Fertilization

Terrestrial Reproduction

Aerial Fertilization

What is a key advantage of external fertilization?

Produces a small number of offspring

Provides a high likelihood of successful fertilization

Requires a terrestrial environment

Increases chances of survival in high mortality conditions (correct)

Which type of animals commonly exhibit external fertilization?

Amphibians (correct)

Aquatic birds

Terrestrial mammals

Insects

What does internal fertilization allow terrestrial animals to do?

Reproduce without the need for a watery environment Signup and view all the answers

How does internal fertilization increase the likelihood of successful fertilization?

By allowing fertilization to occur inside the female's body Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive mode allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously?

Ovovivipary Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of precocial development in offspring?

Reduced parental care burden Signup and view all the answers

Which evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo?

Amniotic egg Signup and view all the answers

Which animals give birth to live young in the animal kingdom?

Most mammals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of testes in the male reproductive system?

Producing sperm cells Signup and view all the answers

What hormone drives the process of male gamete production?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which female hormone plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle?

Oestrogen Signup and view all the answers

In males, what is the primary structure within which spermatogenesis occurs?

Seminiferous tubules Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

Containing enzymes for egg penetration Signup and view all the answers

Which female cell undergoes meiosis to produce a mature ovum?

One of the follicles Signup and view all the answers

Where are the testes located?

Inside the scrotum Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

Produce a nutrient-rich fluid for energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

Produce a mucus-like fluid for lubrication Signup and view all the answers

What is the middle section of a sperm cell responsible for?

Producing energy for movement Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization usually occur in the female reproductive system?

Fallopian Tubes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

Leads to the thickening of the endometrium Signup and view all the answers

When does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle?

Day 14 Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is responsible for preventing menstruation and supporting pregnancy if fertilization occurs?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone peaks around Day 14 of the menstrual cycle, triggering ovulation?

LH Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium?

Implantation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process where the embryo attaches itself to the endometrium?

Implantation Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the embryo to the placenta?

Umbilical cord Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of effectors in the nervous system?

Respond to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions?

Sympathetic system Signup and view all the answers

Which system employs hormones for slower, longer-lasting responses alongside the nervous system?

Endocrine system Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hypothalamus in the brain?

Acting as a control center for autonomic functions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands?

Motor (Efferent) Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the corpus callosum in the brain?

Facilitating communication between left and right hemispheres Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?

Autonomic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?

Regulate involuntary actions to maintain homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the Parasympathetic Nervous System have on blood vessels in the skin?

Vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

Which neurons transmit impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors?

Motor Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

Link sensory neurons to motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates?

Increases the chances of successful fertilization by having it occur inside the female's body Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals is more likely to use external fertilization as a reproductive strategy?

Amphibians Signup and view all the answers

Why does external fertilization require specific environmental conditions?

To protect the eggs and facilitate the fertilization process Signup and view all the answers

How does internal fertilization benefit terrestrial animals?

It gives higher chances of successful fertilization by occurring inside the female's body Signup and view all the answers

In what aspect does external fertilization differ from internal fertilization?

The location where fertilization occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of vivipary in animals?

It enhances the survival rate of the offspring by providing a controlled environment for development Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of precocial species?

The young can fend for themselves against predators early on Signup and view all the answers

How does the amniotic egg provide protection to the developing embryo?

By providing a self-contained aquatic environment for the embryo Signup and view all the answers

Which type of animals typically produce underdeveloped offspring that require extensive parental care?

Small mammals Signup and view all the answers

How does internal fertilization contribute to the evolutionary success of terrestrial vertebrates?

By enabling reproduction away from water bodies and expanding their habitats Signup and view all the answers

Which gland in the male reproductive system produces a nutrient-rich fluid providing energy for sperm cells?

Seminal Vesicles Signup and view all the answers

Where does sperm cell maturation and storage primarily occur in the male reproductive system?

Epididymis Signup and view all the answers

Which female reproductive organ is responsible for producing egg cells and secreting estrogen and progesterone?

Ovaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

Neutralize acidic urine in the urethra Signup and view all the answers

In the female reproductive system, what structure serves as the birth canal and passage for menstrual blood?

Vagina Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone driving male gamete production in the testes?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone driving female gamete production in the ovaries?

Oestrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of a sperm cell contains enzymes for penetrating the egg during fertilization?

Head Signup and view all the answers

In females, which phase of the menstrual cycle involves the development of a mature Graafian follicle?

Follicular Phase Signup and view all the answers

Which female cell undergoes meiosis to produce a mature ovum?

Diploid germinal epithelium cell Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

The Graafian follicle bursts to release an egg cell Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus?

Oestrogen Signup and view all the answers

During fertilization, what results from the union of a haploid ovum and a sperm cell?

Diploid zygote Signup and view all the answers

What is the process known as when the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium?

Implantation Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the placenta and plays a role in maintaining pregnancy?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the time span from fertilization to birth?

Gestation Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary bodily functions like regulating heartbeat and digestion?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the placenta in the development of the embryo?

Transporting oxygenated blood from the embryo to the placenta Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the detectable change in the environment that triggers a response in the nervous system?

Stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Grey Matter in the brain and spinal cord?

Containing cell bodies and dendrites Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling involuntary actions like the heartbeat and breathing?

Medulla Oblongata Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain connects the left and right hemispheres, allowing them to work together efficiently?

Corpus Callosum Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?

Autonomic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebellum in the brain?

Coordinating voluntary movements and balance Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons transmit impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?

Sensory Neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

Restore the body to a normal state after an emergency Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron carries impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors?

Motor Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adrenaline in 'fight or flight' situations?

Stimulate sweat secretion Signup and view all the answers

Where does the connection between neurons occur?

Synapse Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of external fertilization?

Higher likelihood of successful fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Why is internal fertilization advantageous for terrestrial animals?

Facilitates fertilization without a watery environment Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive strategy typically results in underdeveloped offspring that require extensive parental care?

Internal Fertilization Signup and view all the answers

How does external fertilization contribute to evolutionary success?

Increases chances of sperm meeting egg Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor is crucial for the success of external fertilization?

Presence of water Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive mode combines aspects of both ovipary and vivipary?

Ovovivipary Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of precocial development in offspring?

Reduced parental care burden Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the amniotic egg provides protection to the developing embryo?

Membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which animals are likely to produce many offspring simultaneously due to their reproductive strategy?

Oviparous animals Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of reproduction enhances the survival rate of offspring by providing a controlled environment for development?

Ovovivipary Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of male gamete production within the male reproductive organs called?

Spermatogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily drives the process of spermatogenesis in males?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a sperm cell houses 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome (either X or Y)?

Head Signup and view all the answers

In females, what is the counterpart process to spermatogenesis, involving the production of egg cells in the ovaries?

Oogenesis Signup and view all the answers

During fertilization, what part of the sperm cell is responsible for penetrating the egg's outer layers?

Acrosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Cowper’s Gland in the male reproductive system?

Neutralizing acidic urine in the urethra Signup and view all the answers

Which gland in the male reproductive system produces fluid that neutralizes the acidic vaginal environment?

Prostate Gland Signup and view all the answers

Where do sperm cells mature and get stored after production in the male reproductive system?

Epididymis Signup and view all the answers

Which female reproductive organ is responsible for housing and protecting the embryo and fetus during pregnancy?

Uterus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?

Transport sperm to the uterus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?

Secretes estrogen to thicken the endometrium Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for thickening the endometrium in preparation for embryo implantation?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

During copulation, where does fertilization of the ovum usually occur?

In the fallopian tubes Signup and view all the answers

What does the zygote develop into after continuous mitotic division down the fallopian tube?

Blastocyst Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process where the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium?

Implantation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the placenta in fetal development?

Ensuring oxygenated blood supply to the fetus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the nervous system acts as the primary control center for processing and transmitting information throughout the body?

Central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of synapses in the nervous system?

Transmit impulses between neurons Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation typically occur?

Follicular phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between grey matter and white matter in the nervous system?

Grey matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites, while white matter comprises myelinated axons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cerebellum in the brain?

Coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain acts as a control center for autonomic functions such as hunger, thirst, and emotions?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of motor (efferent) neurons in the central nervous system?

Transmitting impulses from the brain to muscles and glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?

Detecting stimuli and transmitting impulses to the spinal cord and brain Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord in the peripheral nervous system?

31 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

Decreasing blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses away from the cell body?

Axon Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of interneurons in the nervous system?

Linking sensory neurons to motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is linked with the sympathetic nervous system and plays a crucial role in 'fight or flight' situations?

Adrenaline Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Regulating involuntary bodily functions Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?

Higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental condition is essential for the success of external fertilization in vertebrates?

Water Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization in vertebrates?

Higher likelihood of successful fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Which type of animals are more likely to use external fertilization as a reproductive strategy?

Fish Signup and view all the answers

What role does the environment play in determining the type of fertilization strategy used by vertebrates?

It can determine whether internal or external fertilization is more advantageous Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone driving female puberty?

Oestrogen Signup and view all the answers

Where does spermatogenesis primarily occur in males?

Seminiferous Tubules Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in a sperm cell is responsible for supplying energy for motility?

Middle Portion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary female sex organ that undergoes growth during puberty?

Ovaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of vivipary in animals?

Protection of developing embryos Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the enlargement of one cell within a follicle during oogenesis?

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental strategy allows offspring to be born relatively mature and independent?

Precocial Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo?

Amniotic egg Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive mode retains eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch?

Ovovivipary Signup and view all the answers

Why do altricial species require extensive parental care?

To allow for longer developmental periods Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

Nutrient-rich fluid production Signup and view all the answers

Which female reproductive organ serves as the site of fertilization?

Fallopian Tubes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

Contains enzymes for penetrating the egg Signup and view all the answers

Which male reproductive organ provides an alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidic vaginal environment?

Prostate Gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the uterus in the female reproductive system?

House and protect embryo and fetus during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the time from fertilization to birth in humans?

Gestation period Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the embryo to the placenta in human development?

Umbilical cord Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system in humans?

Coordinating responses to external stimuli Signup and view all the answers

In human nervous system terminology, what do receptors do?

Respond to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of synapses in the nervous system?

Transmitting neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Hypothalamus in the brain?

Managing hunger, thirst, and body temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovaries?

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum stop producing progesterone if fertilization does not occur?

Days 23–28 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of Motor (Efferent) Neurons in the central nervous system?

Transmitting impulses to muscles and glands Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the central nervous system transmits nerve impulses between the spinal cord and the brain?

Medulla Oblongata Signup and view all the answers

What is a diploid zygote formed from during fertilization?

Haploid ovum and a sperm cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Interneurons in the context of neural processing?

Connecting sensory and motor neurons for interpretation and response generation Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus in preparation for potential embryo implantation?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What structure develops into extra-embryonic membranes and contributes to placenta formation during gestation?

Chorion Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response?

Parasympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system in the body?

Preparing the body for 'fight or flight' situations Signup and view all the answers

Where does the connection between neurons occur?

Synapse Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron carries impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of interneurons in the nervous system?

Link sensory neurons to motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates?

It provides a higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg for successful fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

Why does external fertilization require specific environmental conditions?

To facilitate the process and protect eggs from desiccation. Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive strategy is common among aquatic animals like fish and amphibians?

External fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of external fertilization in terms of offspring production?

Produces a large number of offspring. Signup and view all the answers

How does internal fertilization contribute to the success of terrestrial animals?

By allowing reproduction without the need for a watery environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone driving female puberty?

Oestrogen Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of a mature sperm cell?

Middle portion and Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid sperm cells during spermatogenesis?

Diploid Germinal Epithelial Cells Signup and view all the answers

What regulates the stages of oogenesis in females?

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of an ovum's cytoplasm?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive mode provides protection to the developing embryo by retaining eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch?

Ovovivipary Signup and view all the answers

What is the evolutionary advantage of having a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo?

Protecting from dehydration and physical harm Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive strategy involves producing relatively mature and independent offspring that can stand, walk, or swim shortly after birth?

Precocial Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the testes in the male reproductive system?

Produce sperm cells and testosterone Signup and view all the answers

Why does parental care vary widely among vertebrates?

To adapt to different environments Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovaries?

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum secrete progesterone?

Luteal Phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the chorion during pregnancy?

Forms extra-embryonic membranes Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if fertilization does not happen in the menstrual cycle?

Shedding of the endometrial lining Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the fusion of the nuclei of an ovum and a sperm cell?

Fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Where does sperm production take place in the male reproductive system?

Epididymis Signup and view all the answers

Which gland in the male reproductive system produces an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic vaginal environment?

Seminal Vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?

Transport egg cells and site of fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Which female reproductive organ serves as the birth canal and the passage for menstrual blood?

Vagina Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Vulva in the female reproductive system?

Protect the entrance to the vagina Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Hypothalamus in the brain?

Acting as a control center for autonomic functions such as hunger and thirst Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?

Facilitating communication between brain hemispheres Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the central nervous system controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing?

Medulla Oblongata Signup and view all the answers

What are Interneurons primarily responsible for in the central nervous system?

Interpreting sensory input and generating motor output Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary muscles in response to external changes?

Somatic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the zygote divides by mitosis to form a morula, then a blastocyst, and finally an embryo?

Development of the Zygote Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the placenta to the embryo, facilitating the exchange of nutrients and waste products?

Umbilical cord Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid-filled sac surrounds and protects the developing embryo during pregnancy?

Amnion Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synapses in the nervous system?

Transmit impulses between neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which system regulates involuntary bodily functions like heartbeat and digestion?

Autonomic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system branch is responsible for preparing the body for emergency situations?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

Decrease blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Where does the transmission of electrical impulses and release of neurotransmitters occur to communicate with other neurons?

Synapse Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron carries impulses from the sense organs to the central nervous system?

Sensory Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of myelin sheath in a nerve?

Insulates the axon Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive strategy involves fertilization occurring inside the female's body?

Internal Fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of external fertilization?

Requires a watery environment Signup and view all the answers

Which type of animals commonly use external fertilization?

Amphibians and reptiles Signup and view all the answers

What does internal fertilization increase the likelihood of?

Offspring survival Signup and view all the answers

Why does external fertilization require specific environmental conditions?

To facilitate fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Where are the testes located in the male reproductive system?

Inside the scrotum Signup and view all the answers

Which gland in the male reproductive system provides energy-rich fluid for sperm cells?

Seminal Vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?

Maturing and storing sperm cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?

Fertilization site Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the vulva in the female reproductive system?

Protecting the entrance to the vagina Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive mode allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously, spreading the risk of individual predation and increasing the chances of species survival?

Ovovivipary Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant evolutionary advancement that provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo in terrestrial vertebrates?

Amniotic egg Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental strategy involves producing underdeveloped offspring that require extensive parental care?

Vivipary Signup and view all the answers

What is the key advantage of precocial development in offspring?

Reduces parental care burden Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the extent and type of parental care in vertebrates closely linked to the reproductive strategy and developmental mode of the offspring?

Parental investment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone that drives male gamete (sperm cell) production in the testes?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

During oogenesis, what stimulates the enlargement of a cell in a follicle, leading to meiosis?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary male gamete (sperm cell) composed of?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates the stages of oogenesis in females?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

Egg penetration Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum to prepare the endometrium for potential embryo implantation?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum shrink and stop producing progesterone if fertilization does not occur?

Menstruation Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone's levels peak around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, triggering ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum?

LH Signup and view all the answers

What is the process known as when the zygote embeds itself into the endometrium in the uterus?

Implantation Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of the follicle in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle?

FSH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Cerebellum in the brain?

Controlling involuntary actions Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain facilitates communication between the left and right hemispheres?

Corpus Callosum Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of a Sensory (Afferent) Neuron in the nervous system?

Detecting stimuli and transmitting impulses to the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the central nervous system controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing?

Medulla Oblongata Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of the Autonomic Nervous System in the body?

Regulating involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the embryo embeds itself into the endometrium?

Implantation Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions?

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the umbilical cord in human development?

Transporting deoxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo Signup and view all the answers

What structures develop from the outer membrane of the embryo after implantation?

Villi and chorion Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the menstrual cycle involves ovulation?

Follicular phase Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response?

Parasympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons transmit impulses from the sense organs or receptors to the spinal cord and brain?

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of myelin sheath in a neuron?

Provides insulation and slows down electrical impulses Signup and view all the answers

Where do interneurons primarily function within the nervous system?

Processing information and determining responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of dendrites in a neuron's structure?

Branch-like structures receiving signals and transmitting impulses towards the cell body Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates?

It provides a higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of animals are more likely to use external fertilization?

Aquatic animals Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant requirement for external fertilization to occur?

Specific environmental conditions like water Signup and view all the answers

How does external fertilization contribute to maximizing reproductive success?

By allowing for a higher number of offspring to be produced Signup and view all the answers

In which strategy does fertilization occur inside the female's body?

Internal Fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of ovipary as a reproductive mode in animals?

It enables parents to produce many offspring simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

Which type of species produce underdeveloped offspring that require extensive parental care?

Altricial species Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo in terrestrial vertebrates?

Amniotic egg Signup and view all the answers

Which type of animals are more likely to use internal fertilization as a reproductive strategy?

Most mammals and some birds Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of reproduction allows young to be born as fully developed miniature adults?

Ovovivipary Signup and view all the answers

What hormone primarily drives female puberty?

Oestrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for the initiation of sperm cell production in males?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source in a sperm cell for motility?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What marks physical maturity in females during puberty?

Growth of breasts and widening of hips Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the division of diploid germinal epithelial cells through meiosis?

Spermatogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of the follicle in the ovaries?

FSH Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum transform into a progesterone-secreting structure?

Luteal Phase Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?

Fallopian Tubes Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of events during the development of a blastocyst post-fertilization?

Morula -> Blastocyst Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for preventing menstruation and supporting pregnancy if fertilization occurs?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the placenta in fetal development?

Producing hormones for fetal growth Signup and view all the answers

During ovulation, a mature Graafian follicle releases an egg cell from which female reproductive organ?

Ovary Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion?

Autonomic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of synapses in the nervous system?

Transmitting impulses between neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the placenta to the embryo for nutrient exchange during pregnancy?

Umbilical cord Signup and view all the answers

Where does sperm cell maturation primarily occur in the male reproductive system?

Epididymis Signup and view all the answers

Which gland in the male reproductive system produces a mucus-like fluid to lubricate the urethra for sperm passage?

Prostate Gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

Neutralizing acidic urine traces Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Uterus in the female reproductive system?

Houses and protects the embryo and fetus during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the ovaries to the uterus in the female reproductive system?

Fallopian Tubes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the body?

Increases blood pressure and widens bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons carries impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors?

Motor (Efferent) Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on blood vessels in the skin?

Dilates blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Where does the connection between neurons occur for the transmission of signals?

At a synapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the myelin sheath in a nerve?

Covers the axon, speeding up transmission of electrical impulses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Cerebellum in the brain?

Coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Medulla Oblongata in the brain?

Transmitting nerve impulses between the spinal cord and brain Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for higher thought processes such as memory and reasoning?

Cerebrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Motor (Efferent) Neurons in the nervous system?

Transmitting impulses to effectors like muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system regulates involuntary functions such as heartbeat and digestion?

Autonomic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ciliary body in the human eye?

To change the lens's shape for accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the yellow spot (Macula) in the human eye?

Provides clearest vision with a high concentration of cones Signup and view all the answers

What visual defect is characterized by blurred vision due to uneven curvature of the cornea or lens?

Astigmatism Signup and view all the answers

What part of the human ear is responsible for directing sound waves into the auditory canal?

Pinna Signup and view all the answers

During copulation, where does fertilization usually occur in the female reproductive system?

Fallopian tubes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a receptor in a reflex arc?

Receives a stimulus and converts it into an impulse Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of an interneuron in a reflex arc?

Carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron Signup and view all the answers

During a reflex arc, what is the role of a motor neuron?

Produces the response, such as muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

In a reflex arc, what is the function of an effector?

Produces the response, such as muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What sequence correctly represents how an impulse travels in a reflex arc?

Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Interneuron → Motor Neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of a reflex action?

To ensure a quick and automatic response without conscious thought Signup and view all the answers

In the nervous system, what is the role of effectors?

To respond to impulses sent by the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Alzheimer's disease?

Progressive brain cell death leading to memory loss and confusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) on neurons?

Causes impairment in function due to autoimmune attacks on the myelin sheath Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of synapses in the reflex arc?

To ensure speed and efficiency of the response Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hypothalamus located?

In the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is crucial for regulating metabolism and growth?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of aldosterone produced by the adrenal glands?

Regulates sodium and potassium balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the ovaries in females?

Regulating female reproductive cycles Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for producing growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

It equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones from endocrine glands reach their target organs?

Through ducts into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a middle ear infection have on the human ear?

Results in fluid buildup and inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Endocrine glands secrete hormones through ducts. Signup and view all the answers

How are pressure waves generated in the cochlea's endolymph in the human ear?

By the movement of the oval window. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external fluctuations?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial for glucose levels in the blood to remain within a tight range?

To provide a steady supply of energy to cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key factor in homeostasis as mentioned in the text?

Nitrogen Levels Signup and view all the answers

How does the body regulate temperature when it rises above the optimal range?

By sweating and vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

Why is the balance between water and electrolytes crucial for nerve impulse transmission?

To maintain the osmotic pressure in cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

Maintaining steady-state conditions Signup and view all the answers

How does negative feedback differ from positive feedback in the context of responses?

Positive feedback amplifies responses, while negative feedback suppresses responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a key role in regulating metabolism, energy generation, and neural development?

Thyroxin Signup and view all the answers

How do insulin and glucagon interact to regulate blood glucose levels?

Insulin decreases blood glucose, while glucagon increases it. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process involves chemoreceptors, the medulla oblongata, and respiratory systems to maintain pH balance?

Carbon dioxide level regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nervous system is primarily responsible for detecting imbalances and initiating corrective responses in homeostasis?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of aldosterone in the context of salt balance?

Balancing sodium and potassium levels Signup and view all the answers

'Vasodilation' and 'sweating' are mechanisms associated with which aspect of physiological regulation?

Thermoregulation Signup and view all the answers

'Amplifying responses for rapid outcomes' is a characteristic primarily associated with which type of feedback loop?

'Positive feedback' Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an interneuron in a reflex arc?

Located in the spinal cord and carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a motor neuron in a reflex arc?

Transports the impulse from the spinal cord to the effectors Signup and view all the answers

During a reflex action, which component receives a stimulus and converts it into an impulse?

Sensory neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an effector in a reflex arc?

Produces the response by muscles or glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the path along which an impulse is transmitted to bring about a response during a reflex action?

Reflex arc Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a reflex action?

It provides an immediate response to avoid danger without conscious thought Signup and view all the answers

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by:

Progressive brain cell death over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of effectors in the nervous system?

To respond to impulses sent by the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What do receptors detect in the body's response to stimuli?

Changes in the external and internal environments Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of synapses in the reflex arc?

To allow for the direction of nerve impulse through the correct pathway Signup and view all the answers

Where are the ossicles located in the human ear?

Middle ear Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Sclera in the human eye?

It protects the inner structures of the eye and maintains its shape. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human eye contains ciliary muscles that change the lens's shape for accommodation?

Choroid Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

Equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Optic Nerve in the human eye?

Transmits impulses from the retina to the brain for image interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear is responsible for maintaining balance by detecting changes in head position relative to gravity?

Semi-circular canals Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human eye is responsible for adjusting the pupil size to control light entry?

Iris Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Secretion mode Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones produced by endocrine glands affect target organs?

By entering the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Vitreous Humour in the human eye?

Maintains eyeball's shape and assists in light refraction. Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for producing adrenaline, aldosterone, and cortisol?

Adrenal glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of insulin in the body?

Facilitate cellular uptake of glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is crucial for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy production in the body?

Thyroxine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?

Regulate sodium and potassium balance Signup and view all the answers

Where are growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin primarily secreted from?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

Why is homeostasis crucial for the survival of living organisms?

To ensure optimal functioning of cells, tissues, and organs Signup and view all the answers

How does the body regulate temperature to maintain homeostasis?

By using mechanisms like sweating and shivering Signup and view all the answers

What role do hormones like insulin and glucagon play in homeostasis?

Regulating blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Why is the balance between water and electrolytes crucial for homeostasis?

To maintain proper nerve function and muscle activity Signup and view all the answers

How do negative feedback loops contribute to homeostasis?

By maintaining physiological parameters within strict limits Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

Maintaining internal stability against external changes Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels?

Low blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates metabolism, energy generation, and neural development through negative feedback mechanisms?

TSH Signup and view all the answers

How do negative feedback mechanisms restore homeostasis in response to increased blood carbon dioxide levels?

Increased breathing rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of aldosterone in salt balance within the body?

Balancing sodium and potassium levels Signup and view all the answers

How does ADH contribute to maintaining water balance in the body?

Increasing kidney water reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

In regulating blood glucose levels, what is the role of insulin when blood sugar is high?

Facilitates glucose absorption by cells Signup and view all the answers

How does the body react to heat during thermoregulation to cool down?

Sweating and vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of thyroxin in the body's metabolic processes?

Controlling blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a reflex arc carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron?

Interneuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an effector in a reflex arc?

Transports the impulse from the spinal cord to the muscles or glands Signup and view all the answers

In a reflex arc, what is the structure that receives a stimulus and converts it into an impulse?

Receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the path along which an impulse is transmitted to bring about a response to a stimulus in a reflex action?

Reflex Arc Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components of a reflex arc carries the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord?

Sensory Neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

Equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear contains structures involved in maintaining balance?

Inner Ear Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the organ of Corti in the cochlea?

Converting sound into nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment method for middle ear infections?

Inserting grommets into the tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which system releases hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions?

Endocrine System Signup and view all the answers

Why is maintaining blood glucose levels within a tight range important for cellular function?

To provide a steady supply of energy to cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main significance of a reflex action in the body?

It provides an immediate response to avoid danger without conscious thought Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms is employed by the body to regulate internal temperature?

Changes in blood flow Signup and view all the answers

In what way does carbon dioxide impact enzyme activity and cellular function when not regulated properly?

Creates an acidic environment in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which age range is most commonly affected by Alzheimer's disease?

60 and above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of effectors in the nervous system?

To respond to impulses by muscles or glands Signup and view all the answers

Why is the balance between water and electrolytes crucial for nerve impulse transmission and muscle function?

To facilitate electrical signaling in the body Signup and view all the answers

In multiple sclerosis, what does the body's immune system primarily target?

The myelin sheath covering neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of negative feedback loops in maintaining homeostasis?

Neutralizing changes by counteracting them Signup and view all the answers

Where are receptors, neurons, and effectors primarily involved in the body's response to environmental stimuli?

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human eye contains light-sensitive cells that transform light into electrical impulses?

Retina Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the choroid in the human eye?

Supplying nutrients and oxygen to the retina Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the iris in the human eye?

Controlling the size of the pupil Signup and view all the answers

Which visual defect is corrected by wearing concave lenses?

Myopia (Short-sightedness) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of binocular vision in humans?

It enables judgment of distance and depth perception Signup and view all the answers

Which endocrine gland is responsible for producing adrenaline, aldosterone, and cortisol?

Adrenal glands Signup and view all the answers

What primary function do the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas serve?

Produce insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

In the endocrine system, what is the primary role of the gonads?

Produce sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily produced by the pituitary gland to regulate growth, metabolic rate, and reproduction?

Growth hormone (GH) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thyroid gland located, and what hormone does it primarily produce?

Located in the neck, produces thyroxine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

Restoring balance by correcting imbalances Signup and view all the answers

How do high blood glucose levels affect insulin and glucagon release?

High glucose levels trigger insulin release Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates metabolism, energy generation, and neural development?

Thyroxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) in the body's water balance?

Regulating kidney water reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

How does increased blood carbon dioxide levels affect breathing rate and depth?

Increased CO2 lowers pH, increasing breathing rate and depth Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a role in regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body's salt balance?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Why is thermoregulation essential for maintaining a core body temperature of around 37°C?

For enzymatic and metabolic processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of synapses in the reflex arc?

They ensure the nerve impulse travels through the correct pathway efficiently. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by progressive brain cell death, leading to memory loss and confusion?

Alzheimer's disease Signup and view all the answers

What role do effectors play in the nervous system's response?

Activate muscles to pull the hand away from a hot object. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Controlling involuntary actions Signup and view all the answers

How are neurons specialized for information transmission?

By having dendrites to receive signals, a cell body to process information, and an axon to transmit impulses efficiently. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a reflex arc?

Allows for rapid and automatic responses without brain involvement Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a reflex arc converts a stimulus into an impulse?

Receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the ciliary body in the human eye?

Changing the shape of the lens for accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the vitreous humour in the human eye?

Maintaining the cornea's shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the motor neuron in a reflex arc?

Transports impulses to the effectors Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human eye contains a high concentration of cones for color vision?

Yellow spot (Macula) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in a reflex arc produces the response to a stimulus?

Effector Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of transmission in a reflex arc from the receptor to the effector?

Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Motor Neuron → Interneuron → Effector Signup and view all the answers

What visual defect is corrected by wearing glasses with specially shaped lenses?

Astigmatism Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the outer ear is responsible for directing sound waves into the auditory canal?

Pinna Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for producing thyroxine, a hormone crucial for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy production?

Thyroid Gland Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the adrenal gland primarily produce to prepare the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of insulin secreted by the pancreas's Islets of Langerhans?

Lowers blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which female reproductive organ produces oestrogen and progesterone, regulating reproductive cycles and secondary sexual characteristics?

Ovaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?

Regulating other endocrine glands' functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

Connecting the middle ear to the throat to equalize pressure Signup and view all the answers

In the human ear, what is the role of the oval window?

Transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system in the human body?

Regulating bodily functions through hormone secretion Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones from endocrine glands differ from products of exocrine glands?

Hormones are released into the bloodstream directly, while exocrine products are not Signup and view all the answers

In hearing defects, what treatment option involves converting sound vibrations into electrical impulses for nerve transmission?

Hearing aids to amplify sound Signup and view all the answers

Why is maintaining the internal environment essential for the survival of complex multicellular organisms like humans?

To optimize cellular metabolism and physiological processes Signup and view all the answers

What role does the tissue fluid play in cellular function?

Supplying nutrients and removing waste products Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to regulate blood glucose levels within a tight range?

To maintain a steady supply of energy to cells Signup and view all the answers

What happens if carbon dioxide levels in the blood are not tightly regulated?

Acidosis occurs, disrupting enzyme activity Signup and view all the answers

Which homeostatic mechanism involves negative feedback loops to maintain physiological parameters?

Negative feedback loops Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of negative feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis?

Detecting imbalances and restoring balance Signup and view all the answers

How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels in terms of hormone release?

Releasing insulin to facilitate glucose absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of thyroxin levels?

Monitoring and controlling thyroxin through TSH Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Why is thermoregulation essential for the body?

To maintain core temperature for metabolic processes Signup and view all the answers

What happens when blood pH is lowered due to increased CO2 levels?

Increased breathing rate and depth Signup and view all the answers

What bodily functions are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms?

Adjusting ADH secretion for water balance Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for balancing blood salt levels in the body?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the interneuron in a reflex arc?

Carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an effector in a reflex arc?

Transports the impulse from the spinal cord to the effectors Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a reflex arc is responsible for producing a response to a stimulus?

Effector Signup and view all the answers

In a reflex arc, which structure carries the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord?

Sensory Neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a receptor in a reflex arc?

Receives a stimulus and converts it into an impulse Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?

Transmit nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of synapses in the reflex arc?

Ensure correct pathway for nerve impulse Signup and view all the answers

In multiple sclerosis (MS), what is the main cause of impaired neuron function?

Autoimmune attack on myelin sheath Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body is responsible for interpreting sensory information and sending out instructions?

Central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes reflex actions from conscious decisions in terms of response time?

Reflex actions provide immediate responses Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human eye is responsible for changing the lens shape to focus on near and distant objects?

Ciliary Body Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Iris in the human eye?

Controlling the pupil size Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human eye plays a minor role in light refraction?

Vitreous Humour Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?

Regulating sodium and potassium levels Signup and view all the answers

Where are adrenaline (epinephrine), aldosterone, and cortisol primarily produced?

Adrenal Glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pinna in the human ear?

Directing sound waves into the auditory canal Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human ear is responsible for transmitting sound waves to the tympanic membrane?

Outer Ear Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is crucial for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy production?

Thyroid Gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin and glucagon secreted by the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

Regulating blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones control growth, metabolic rate, reproductive functions, milk production, and water balance in the body?

GH and TSH Signup and view all the answers

Where are the semi-circular canals located in the human ear?

In the inner ear Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

Equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which gland releases its secretions directly into the bloodstream?

Thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

How are hormones from endocrine glands distributed in the body?

Directly into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the organ of Corti in the human ear?

Produce sensory hair cells Signup and view all the answers

Why is homeostasis considered essential for living organisms?

To maintain a stable internal environment Signup and view all the answers

How do negative feedback loops contribute to maintaining homeostasis?

By triggering responses that counteract changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tissue fluid in cellular function?

To supply nutrients and remove waste products from cells Signup and view all the answers

How do changes in blood glucose levels impact cellular metabolism?

By impairing enzyme function and metabolic reactions Signup and view all the answers

Why is precise regulation of body temperature crucial for enzymatic processes?

To prevent enzymes from denaturing outside a narrow temperature range Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback loop is typically associated with events needing rapid and decisive outcomes?

Positive feedback Signup and view all the answers

Which feedback mechanism is more prevalent in the context of homeostasis?

Negative feedback Signup and view all the answers

What can disruptions in homeostasis lead to?

Diseases and disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a failure in homeostatic regulation?

Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the central concept in physiology that represents the body's approach to sustaining internal stability?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

In negative feedback mechanisms, what is the series of steps involved in maintaining homeostasis?

Detecting an imbalance, initiating a response, restoring balance Signup and view all the answers

What do chemoreceptors, the medulla oblongata, and respiratory systems regulate in the context of negative feedback mechanisms?

Blood pH levels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates metabolism, energy generation, and neural development through negative feedback mechanisms?

Thyroxin Signup and view all the answers

How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels through negative feedback mechanisms?

By releasing insulin to lower blood sugar Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aldosterone from the adrenal glands in negative feedback mechanisms?

Balancing sodium and potassium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ciliary muscles in the human eye?

To change the lens's shape for accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a reflex action?

Transmits impulses from the receptor to the effector Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pinna in the human ear?

To direct sound waves into the auditory canal Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human eye contains light-sensitive cells called cones for bright light and color vision?

Yellow Spot (Macula) Signup and view all the answers

In the structure of a reflex arc, what is the role of the sensory neuron?

Carries the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the auditory canal in the ear?

To transmit sound waves to the eardrum Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a reflex arc is responsible for producing a response like muscles contracting?

Effector Signup and view all the answers

In human vision, which part of the eye changes shape to focus light on near and distant objects?

Lens Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of transmission of impulses in a reflex arc?

Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Interneuron → Motor Neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the interneuron in a reflex arc?

Transmits impulses from receptor to effector Signup and view all the answers

What role do synapses play in the reflex arc?

Direct the nerve impulse to the correct pathway Signup and view all the answers

In Alzheimer's disease, what is a common symptom caused by progressive brain cell death?

Memory loss and confusion Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary actions like heart rate and digestion?

Sympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

Equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of effectors in the nervous system?

Respond to impulses sent by the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear contains the structures responsible for converting sound into nerve impulses?

Inner ear Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons carry nerve impulses from receptors to the central nervous system?

Sensory neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hormones in the endocrine system?

Affecting distant target organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Exocrine glands release products through ducts Signup and view all the answers

How are vibrations transmitted from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?

Through the cochlea's oval window Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hypothalamus located?

In the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these hormones primarily prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

Adrenaline Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

Regulating blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is crucial for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy production in the body?

Thyroxine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of testosterone in males?

Influencing male reproductive tissue development Signup and view all the answers

Why is homeostasis crucial for the survival of complex multicellular organisms?

It regulates the internal environment to ensure optimal cellular functioning. Signup and view all the answers

How does the body regulate carbon dioxide levels to maintain homeostasis?

Through mechanisms in the respiratory system. Signup and view all the answers

Why are negative feedback loops important in homeostasis?

They counteract changes, helping maintain stability. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin and glucagon in relation to glucose levels?

To regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating uptake or release of glucose. Signup and view all the answers

How do water and electrolyte balance impact nerve impulse transmission and muscle function?

Balancing them is crucial as they affect nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and cellular function. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of positive feedback loops in physiological processes?

To amplify responses for rapid outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bodily functions is NOT regulated by negative feedback mechanisms?

Blood sodium and potassium levels Signup and view all the answers

What role does Aldosterone play in maintaining salt balance in the body?

Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion Signup and view all the answers

Why is thermoregulation important for the body?

To maintain enzymatic and metabolic processes Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for regulating blood glucose levels through negative feedback mechanisms?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

How do chemoreceptors contribute to maintaining blood pH balance?

By triggering increased breathing rate and depth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the context of homeostasis?

Monitor osmolarity changes for water balance Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding homeostasis important for overall health?

To balance internal conditions against external changes Signup and view all the answers

What happens when there is an increase in thyroxin levels in the body?

Decreases TSH release Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) in the body?

Increase kidney water reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of auxins in plant growth?

Regulating fruit development Signup and view all the answers

Where are auxins primarily produced in a plant?

Stem tips Signup and view all the answers

What are phytoalexins?

Antimicrobial compounds synthesized by plants in response to environmental stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of removing the tip of a plant stem on lateral bud growth?

Lateral buds grow faster Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of thorns in plant defense?

Creating a sharp barrier against large herbivores Signup and view all the answers

Which plant hormone stimulates seed germination and fruit enlargement?

Gibberellins Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of prickles in plant defense?

Providing a mechanical barrier against smaller herbivores Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gibberellins in plant growth?

Stimulating stem elongation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of spines in plant defense?

Minimizing leaf surface area for water conservation Signup and view all the answers

Which plant hormone is responsible for growth towards light (phototropism)?

Auxins Signup and view all the answers

How do phytoalexins contribute to limiting infections in plants?

Synthesizing antimicrobial compounds in response to pathogen invasion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles do volatile organic compounds play in plant defense?

Attracting predators or parasitoids of herbivores Signup and view all the answers

In terms of apical dominance, what aspect of lateral bud growth do auxins inhibit?

Growth rate of stems Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mechanical defenses in plants?

Protecting plants through physical strategies Signup and view all the answers

How do plant hormones differ from animal hormones in terms of transport within the organism?

Plant hormones are transported to different body parts Signup and view all the answers

Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for cell elongation?

Auxins Signup and view all the answers

Why do plants produce sticky or slippery substances on their surfaces?

To make it difficult for insects to navigate and consume plant tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of gibberellins in seed germination?

Stimulating germination process Signup and view all the answers

What makes thorns, spines, and prickles effective as plant defense structures?

Their sharpness creates barriers against herbivores. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of gibberellins in plants?

Initiate germination and promote flowering Signup and view all the answers

How do synthetic auxins work in weed control?

Kill broad-leaved weeds selectively Signup and view all the answers

Which plant hormone is known as the 'stress hormone'?

Abscisic Acid (ABA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tannins produced by plants?

Make proteins indigestible to animals Signup and view all the answers

In geotropism, why do roots grow downward and shoots grow upward?

Auxins accumulate on the lower side of the plant Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of alkaloids produced by plants?

Act as a strong repellent against insects Signup and view all the answers

How do plants protect themselves against herbivores and pathogens?

By producing chemical and structural defenses Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants?

Closes stomata during drought conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of auxins in geotropism and phototropism?

Control growth responses to gravity and light Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of gibberellins in plants?

Initiate germination and promote flowering Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phytoalexins in plant defense mechanisms?

Synthesized in response to pathogen invasion Signup and view all the answers

Which plant defense structure serves as a deterrent to herbivores due to its sharpness and toughness?

Spines Signup and view all the answers

How do some plants make it difficult for insects and herbivores to consume their tissues?

By secreting sticky or slippery substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of prickles in plant defense?

Detering herbivores Signup and view all the answers

Which plant defense structure reduces the surface area of leaves to minimize water loss?

Spines Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of volatile organic compounds produced by some plants?

Attract predators of herbivores Signup and view all the answers

Which plant defense structure provides a sharp barrier against large herbivores?

Thorns Signup and view all the answers

In what way do thorns differ from spines in plant defense mechanisms?

Thorns are part of the vascular system, while spines are not. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of plant defense mechanisms for agriculture?

To develop effective strategies for pest and disease management Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of producing volatile organic compounds in some plants?

To attract predators or parasitoids of herbivores Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of gibberellins in plants?

Breaking seed dormancy and initiating germination Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Abscisic Acid (ABA) in plants?

Closing stomata during drought Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes flowering and development of fruit without fertilization in plants?

Gibberellins Signup and view all the answers

In geotropism, what causes the downward growth of roots and upward growth of shoots in plants?

Auxins accumulate on the lower side of the plant Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a chemical compound produced by plants that binds to proteins and reduces their nutritional value to deter herbivores?

Tannins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of auxins in plants?

Promotion of cell elongation Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is often termed the 'stress hormone' in plants due to its involvement in stress responses like drought conditions?

Abscisic Acid (ABA) Signup and view all the answers

How do auxins contribute to phototropism in plants?

They stimulate growth towards light Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of synthetic auxins when used as a herbicide against broad-leaved weeds?

Killing weeds without harming grass or crops Signup and view all the answers

In terms of apical dominance, what happens when auxin production at the stem's tip is reduced?

Lateral buds grow wider Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of auxins in phototropism?

Auxins accumulate on the shaded side to make the plant bend towards light Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of plant growth do gibberellins primarily stimulate?

Seed germination Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential function of plant hormones like auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid?

Regulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment Signup and view all the answers

How do gibberellins affect stem elongation in plants?

Stimulate stem elongation Signup and view all the answers

How do plant hormones contribute to weed control using selective herbicides?

They selectively target weed species due to differences in hormone sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which plant hormone is responsible for suppressing lateral bud growth to maintain apical dominance?

Auxins Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between plant hormones and animal hormones in terms of transportation?

Plant hormones are produced where they act, unlike animal hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of auxins in geotropism?

Stimulate growth in response to gravity Signup and view all the answers

How does gibberellin influence seed germination?

Stimulates seed germination Signup and view all the answers

What function do auxins perform at the stem's tip to regulate lateral bud growth?

Inhibit lateral bud growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of auxins in plant growth?

Promotion of cell elongation Signup and view all the answers

How do auxins contribute to phototropism?

Promoting growth towards light Signup and view all the answers

What happens to lateral buds when auxins are present at the stem tip?

They are inhibited from growing Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily regulated by gibberellins in plants?

Seed germination Signup and view all the answers

How do gibberellins influence fruit size in plants?

Promote fruit enlargement Signup and view all the answers

In the absence of auxins, what happens to lateral buds on a plant?

They develop into flowers Signup and view all the answers

Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for apical dominance?

Auxins Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phytoalexins in plants?

Synthesized in response to pathogen invasion to limit infections Signup and view all the answers

Which plant defense structure serves as a deterrent to herbivores due to its sharpness and toughness?

Spines Signup and view all the answers

What do some plants secrete to make it difficult for insects and herbivores to consume their tissues?

Sticky or slippery substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physical barrier used by plants for defense?

Phytoalexins Signup and view all the answers

In cacti, what additional function do spines provide apart from deterring herbivores?

Providing shade Signup and view all the answers

Rose bushes are known for their:

Prickles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of gibberellins in plants?

Initiate germination Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is known as the 'stress hormone' in plants?

Abscisic Acid (ABA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of auxins in geotropism?

Cause roots to elongate less Signup and view all the answers

How do synthetic auxins contribute to weed control?

Kill weeds without harming grass or crops Signup and view all the answers

Nov Exam Easy 1

Choose a study mode

Podcast

Questions and Answers

Which reproductive strategy involves the release of eggs and sperm into the water?

What is a key advantage of external fertilization?

Which type of animals commonly exhibit external fertilization?

What does internal fertilization allow terrestrial animals to do?

How does internal fertilization increase the likelihood of successful fertilization?

Which reproductive mode allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously?

What is the advantage of precocial development in offspring?

Which evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo?

Which animals give birth to live young in the animal kingdom?

What is the primary function of testes in the male reproductive system?

What hormone drives the process of male gamete production?

Which female hormone plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle?

In males, what is the primary structure within which spermatogenesis occurs?

What is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

Which female cell undergoes meiosis to produce a mature ovum?

Where are the testes located?

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

What is the role of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

What is the middle section of a sperm cell responsible for?

Where does fertilization usually occur in the female reproductive system?

What is the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

When does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle?

What hormone is responsible for preventing menstruation and supporting pregnancy if fertilization occurs?

Which hormone peaks around Day 14 of the menstrual cycle, triggering ovulation?

What is the process called when the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium?

What is the term used to describe the process where the embryo attaches itself to the endometrium?

Which structure connects the embryo to the placenta?

What is the function of effectors in the nervous system?

Which part of the nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions?

Which system employs hormones for slower, longer-lasting responses alongside the nervous system?

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance?

What is the main function of the hypothalamus in the brain?

Which type of neuron transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands?

What is the primary role of the corpus callosum in the brain?

Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?

What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

What effect does the Parasympathetic Nervous System have on blood vessels in the skin?

Which neurons transmit impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors?

What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates?

Which group of animals is more likely to use external fertilization as a reproductive strategy?

Why does external fertilization require specific environmental conditions?

How does internal fertilization benefit terrestrial animals?

In what aspect does external fertilization differ from internal fertilization?

What is the advantage of vivipary in animals?

What is the primary advantage of precocial species?

How does the amniotic egg provide protection to the developing embryo?

Which type of animals typically produce underdeveloped offspring that require extensive parental care?

How does internal fertilization contribute to the evolutionary success of terrestrial vertebrates?

Which gland in the male reproductive system produces a nutrient-rich fluid providing energy for sperm cells?

Where does sperm cell maturation and storage primarily occur in the male reproductive system?

Which female reproductive organ is responsible for producing egg cells and secreting estrogen and progesterone?

What is the primary function of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

In the female reproductive system, what structure serves as the birth canal and passage for menstrual blood?

What is the primary hormone driving male gamete production in the testes?

What is the primary hormone driving female gamete production in the ovaries?

Which structure of a sperm cell contains enzymes for penetrating the egg during fertilization?

In females, which phase of the menstrual cycle involves the development of a mature Graafian follicle?

Which female cell undergoes meiosis to produce a mature ovum?

What happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Which hormone is primarily responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus?

During fertilization, what results from the union of a haploid ovum and a sperm cell?

What is the process known as when the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium?

Which hormone is secreted by the placenta and plays a role in maintaining pregnancy?

What is the term used to describe the time span from fertilization to birth?

Which component of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary bodily functions like regulating heartbeat and digestion?

What is the role of the placenta in the development of the embryo?

Which term refers to the detectable change in the environment that triggers a response in the nervous system?

What is the main function of Grey Matter in the brain and spinal cord?

Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling involuntary actions like the heartbeat and breathing?

What part of the brain connects the left and right hemispheres, allowing them to work together efficiently?

Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?

What is the primary function of the cerebellum in the brain?

What type of neurons transmit impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?