LEC 3 Brain
23 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

If a person suffers damage to their occipital lobe, which of the following functions would be MOST affected?

  • Processing auditory stimuli and memory formation.
  • Visual processing. (correct)
  • Movement, orientation, and perception of stimuli.
  • Reasoning, planning, and problem-solving.

What is the primary distinction between the dorsal and ventral pathways within the occipital lobe?

  • The dorsal pathway is involved in actions and spatial location ('how and where'), while the ventral pathway is involved in object identification and recognition ('what'). (correct)
  • The dorsal pathway controls motor functions, while the ventral pathway controls sensory functions.
  • The dorsal pathway is associated with identifying objects, while the ventral pathway is associated with spatial processing.
  • The dorsal pathway processes auditory information, while the ventral pathway processes visual information.

Damage to the parietal lobe would MOST likely result in difficulties with which of the following?

  • Understanding spoken language.
  • Forming new long-term memories.
  • Coordinating movements and perceiving spatial relationships. (correct)
  • Regulating emotions and social behavior.

A patient exhibits impaired judgment, struggles with planning tasks, and displays a lack of creativity. Which area of the brain is MOST likely affected?

<p>Frontal Lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subcortical structure plays a significant role in processing stimuli related to fear and reward, as well as regulating social functions?

<p>Amygdala (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging technique directly measures electrical activity in the brain following the presentation of a stimulus?

<p>ERPs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The N400 component, often studied using EEG, is most sensitive to:

<p>Semantic expectancy of words in context (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the listed functional neuroimaging techniques uses changes in magnetic fields to rapidly localize brain activity?

<p>MEG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) relies on what property to measure brain activity?

<p>Cerebral blood flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle behind fMRI signal detection?

<p>Difference in magnetic properties of oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is asked to imagine playing the piano while undergoing an fMRI scan. According to the provided material, this task is an example of:

<p>Motor imagery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in difficulties with:

<p>Planning and implementing strategies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure plays a key role in modulating the strength of memories related to emotional events?

<p>Amygdala (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of the hypothalamus?

<p>Regulating the autonomic nervous system functions such as heart rate and blood pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to the hippocampus is most likely to result in impairment of which cognitive function?

<p>Formation of new memories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting motor commands from the brain to the muscles?

<p>Motor neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?

<p>Supporting and protecting neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anatomical features of a neuron is responsible for receiving information from other neurons?

<p>Dendrite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The release of neurotransmitters occurs at which location in the neuron?

<p>Terminal boutons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle underlying neural information processing?

<p>Excitation and inhibition of neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging technique provides a static image of brain structure and is often used to identify damaged areas, but does not provide information about dynamic processes?

<p>CAT scan. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging technique directly measures brain activity through blood flow changes related to neural activity, rather than providing a static image?

<p>fMRI. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'BOLD' function refer to in the context of fMRI?

<p>Blood flow increases as a function of neural activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Frontal Lobe

Associated with reasoning, planning, movement, emotions, and problem-solving.

Parietal Lobe

Deals with movement, orientation, recognition, and perception of stimuli.

Occipital Lobe

Associated with visual processing.

Temporal Lobe

Handles auditory stimuli, memory, and speech recognition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amygdala

Processes motivationally significant stimuli, reward, fear, and social functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

fMRI Signal Basis

fMRI signal intensity varies based on the levels of oxygenated versus de-oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Motor Imagery

Imagining a physical action (like tennis) elicits brain activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spatial Imagery

Visualizing places and navigation activates specific brain regions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

EEG (Electroencephalography)

Measures brain's electrical activity using electrodes on scalp.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ERPs (Event-Related Potentials)

Electrical activity linked to a specific stimulus or event.

Signup and view all the flashcards

N400

A negative EEG wave peaking around 400ms after stimulus, reflecting semantic processing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MEG (Magnetoencephalography)

Localizes brain activity by measuring changes in magnetic fields.

Signup and view all the flashcards

fNIRS (Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy)

Measures blood flow in the cortex using near-infrared light.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hippocampus

Forms new memories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothalamus

Regulates autonomic nervous system functions like blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, thirst, and sexual arousal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thalamus

A sensory relay station, directs sensory information to the appropriate cortical areas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Communicative Neurons

Cells that accumulate and transmit electrochemical activity in the nervous system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dendrites

Branch-like processes extending from the cell soma that receive information from other neurons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Axons

Long, thin tube extending from the soma that transmits information to other neurons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Terminal Boutons

Ball-like structures at the ends of axon branches that contain neurotransmitters.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Synapses

Near-contact gap between neurons where communication occurs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that cross the synapse to alter the electric potential of the next neuron; examples include dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

fMRI

A technique that measures blood flow caused by firing neurons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Major Brain Areas

  • The cerebral cortex has four lobes which include the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes

Frontal Lobe

  • Associated with reasoning, parts of speech, planning, movement, problem-solving, and emotions
  • Contains the motor strip, premotor cortex, and prefrontal cortex

Parietal Lobe

  • Associated with movement, recognition, orientation, and perception of stimuli
  • Contributes to visual and spatial processing, as well as location

Occipital Lobe

  • Associated with visual processing
  • Involves the dorsal pathway for actions and guiding locations
  • Uses the ventral pathway for identification, recognition, and naming

Temporal Lobe

  • Associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, speech, and memory
  • Related to memory, language, words, and object identification

Subcortical Structures

  • Amygdala processes motivationally significant stimuli to reward and fear and regulates social functions
  • Hippocampus forms new memories
  • Hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system including; blood pressure, heart rate, thirst, sexual arousal, and hunger
  • Thalamus serves as a sensory relay station

Neuronal Communication

  • Communicative neurons accumulate and transmit electrochemical activity in the nervous system
  • There are approximately 100 billion neurons in the human brain, simultaneously active while processing information
  • Glial cells mainly function to support the neurons

Neuronal Types

  • Pyramidal cells make up about 67% of neurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala
  • Cerebellar Purkinje cells have many dendrites and are found in the cerebellum
  • Motor neurons control motor activity
  • Sensory neurons are central nervous system cells activated by sensory input from the environment

Dendrites

  • Branch-like processes extend from the cell soma
  • They receive information from terminal boutons of adjacent neurons

Axons

  • Long, thin tubes extend from the soma
  • Length varies in length from a few millimeters to a meter
  • Axons create the paths for neurons to communicate by transmitting information

Terminal Boutons

  • Ball-like structures located at the ends of axon branches
  • Contain neurotransmitters
  • Form synapses with other neurons

Synapses

  • Near-contact gap separates the terminal bouton of one neuron and the dendrite (or soma) of the next neuron in the chain

Neurotransmitters

  • Chemicals cross the synapse from the terminal bouton of one neuron
  • Alters the electric potential of the membrane of the next neuron
  • Examples include dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
  • This is how one neuron communicates with the next

Neural Representation of Information

  • All neural information processing occurs in terms of excitation and inhibition
  • Individual neurons can respond to specific stimuli features
  • Single neurons can not represent human cognition complexity
  • Human cognition is thus achieved through large, distributed, complex neural activity patterns within a neural network

Functional Neuroimaging

  • Possible because neurons generate an electrical impulse and need oxygen when they fire

CAT Scan

  • Uses Computerized Axial Tomography
  • It uses x-rays and is nonfunctional
  • Can see a picture of the brain at a single point in time
  • It is not a dynamic process but can be used to identify damaged areas

PET

  • Uses Positron Emission Tomography
  • Measures blood flow detecting radiation decay of injected radioactive substance
  • Is not used much anymore

fMRI

  • Uses functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • It measures blood flow caused by firing neurons, detecting many neurons
  • The signal depends on the difference in the magnetic properties of oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin

EEG

  • Is electroencephalography
  • EEG electrodes must be attached to the scalp

ERPs

  • Stands for Event-Related Potentials
  • Measures electrical activity after a stimulus is presented

N400

  • A negative-going wave peaks about 400 ms after a stimulus
  • Very sensitive to word meaning and how a word fits into the context or the degree to which a word is predictable

MEG

  • Stands for Magnetoencephalography
  • It uses changes in magnetic field to rapidly localize activity in the brain

fNIRS

  • Stands for Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
  • It uses lasers to measure cerebral blood flow at the surface of the cortex

Practice Questions

  • Damage to the prefrontal cortex leads to a variety of problems including problems planning and implementing strategies
  • The amygdala modulates the strength of emotional memories and is involved in emotional learning

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Description

Overview of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. Includes the functions of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. Also includes information about the subcortical structures, amygdala, and hippocampus.

More Like This

Quiz
35 questions

Quiz

EffectualJubilation avatar
EffectualJubilation
Cerebral Cortex and Its Lobes
100 questions

Cerebral Cortex and Its Lobes

SatisfiedDivisionism avatar
SatisfiedDivisionism
Cerebral Cortex
45 questions

Cerebral Cortex

ProfoundFuchsia6830 avatar
ProfoundFuchsia6830
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser