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Questions and Answers
If a person suffers damage to their occipital lobe, which of the following functions would be MOST affected?
If a person suffers damage to their occipital lobe, which of the following functions would be MOST affected?
- Processing auditory stimuli and memory formation.
- Visual processing. (correct)
- Movement, orientation, and perception of stimuli.
- Reasoning, planning, and problem-solving.
What is the primary distinction between the dorsal and ventral pathways within the occipital lobe?
What is the primary distinction between the dorsal and ventral pathways within the occipital lobe?
- The dorsal pathway is involved in actions and spatial location ('how and where'), while the ventral pathway is involved in object identification and recognition ('what'). (correct)
- The dorsal pathway controls motor functions, while the ventral pathway controls sensory functions.
- The dorsal pathway is associated with identifying objects, while the ventral pathway is associated with spatial processing.
- The dorsal pathway processes auditory information, while the ventral pathway processes visual information.
Damage to the parietal lobe would MOST likely result in difficulties with which of the following?
Damage to the parietal lobe would MOST likely result in difficulties with which of the following?
- Understanding spoken language.
- Forming new long-term memories.
- Coordinating movements and perceiving spatial relationships. (correct)
- Regulating emotions and social behavior.
A patient exhibits impaired judgment, struggles with planning tasks, and displays a lack of creativity. Which area of the brain is MOST likely affected?
A patient exhibits impaired judgment, struggles with planning tasks, and displays a lack of creativity. Which area of the brain is MOST likely affected?
Which subcortical structure plays a significant role in processing stimuli related to fear and reward, as well as regulating social functions?
Which subcortical structure plays a significant role in processing stimuli related to fear and reward, as well as regulating social functions?
Which neuroimaging technique directly measures electrical activity in the brain following the presentation of a stimulus?
Which neuroimaging technique directly measures electrical activity in the brain following the presentation of a stimulus?
The N400 component, often studied using EEG, is most sensitive to:
The N400 component, often studied using EEG, is most sensitive to:
Which of the listed functional neuroimaging techniques uses changes in magnetic fields to rapidly localize brain activity?
Which of the listed functional neuroimaging techniques uses changes in magnetic fields to rapidly localize brain activity?
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) relies on what property to measure brain activity?
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) relies on what property to measure brain activity?
What is the primary principle behind fMRI signal detection?
What is the primary principle behind fMRI signal detection?
A patient is asked to imagine playing the piano while undergoing an fMRI scan. According to the provided material, this task is an example of:
A patient is asked to imagine playing the piano while undergoing an fMRI scan. According to the provided material, this task is an example of:
Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in difficulties with:
Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in difficulties with:
Which brain structure plays a key role in modulating the strength of memories related to emotional events?
Which brain structure plays a key role in modulating the strength of memories related to emotional events?
Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of the hypothalamus?
Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of the hypothalamus?
Damage to the hippocampus is most likely to result in impairment of which cognitive function?
Damage to the hippocampus is most likely to result in impairment of which cognitive function?
Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting motor commands from the brain to the muscles?
Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting motor commands from the brain to the muscles?
What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?
Which of the following anatomical features of a neuron is responsible for receiving information from other neurons?
Which of the following anatomical features of a neuron is responsible for receiving information from other neurons?
The release of neurotransmitters occurs at which location in the neuron?
The release of neurotransmitters occurs at which location in the neuron?
What is the fundamental principle underlying neural information processing?
What is the fundamental principle underlying neural information processing?
Which neuroimaging technique provides a static image of brain structure and is often used to identify damaged areas, but does not provide information about dynamic processes?
Which neuroimaging technique provides a static image of brain structure and is often used to identify damaged areas, but does not provide information about dynamic processes?
Which neuroimaging technique directly measures brain activity through blood flow changes related to neural activity, rather than providing a static image?
Which neuroimaging technique directly measures brain activity through blood flow changes related to neural activity, rather than providing a static image?
What does the term 'BOLD' function refer to in the context of fMRI?
What does the term 'BOLD' function refer to in the context of fMRI?
Flashcards
Frontal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Associated with reasoning, planning, movement, emotions, and problem-solving.
Parietal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Deals with movement, orientation, recognition, and perception of stimuli.
Occipital Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Associated with visual processing.
Temporal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
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Amygdala
Amygdala
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fMRI Signal Basis
fMRI Signal Basis
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Motor Imagery
Motor Imagery
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Spatial Imagery
Spatial Imagery
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EEG (Electroencephalography)
EEG (Electroencephalography)
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ERPs (Event-Related Potentials)
ERPs (Event-Related Potentials)
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N400
N400
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MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
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fNIRS (Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy)
fNIRS (Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy)
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Hippocampus
Hippocampus
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Thalamus
Thalamus
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Communicative Neurons
Communicative Neurons
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Dendrites
Dendrites
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Axons
Axons
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Terminal Boutons
Terminal Boutons
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Synapses
Synapses
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
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fMRI
fMRI
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Study Notes
Major Brain Areas
- The cerebral cortex has four lobes which include the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes
Frontal Lobe
- Associated with reasoning, parts of speech, planning, movement, problem-solving, and emotions
- Contains the motor strip, premotor cortex, and prefrontal cortex
Parietal Lobe
- Associated with movement, recognition, orientation, and perception of stimuli
- Contributes to visual and spatial processing, as well as location
Occipital Lobe
- Associated with visual processing
- Involves the dorsal pathway for actions and guiding locations
- Uses the ventral pathway for identification, recognition, and naming
Temporal Lobe
- Associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, speech, and memory
- Related to memory, language, words, and object identification
Subcortical Structures
- Amygdala processes motivationally significant stimuli to reward and fear and regulates social functions
- Hippocampus forms new memories
- Hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system including; blood pressure, heart rate, thirst, sexual arousal, and hunger
- Thalamus serves as a sensory relay station
Neuronal Communication
- Communicative neurons accumulate and transmit electrochemical activity in the nervous system
- There are approximately 100 billion neurons in the human brain, simultaneously active while processing information
- Glial cells mainly function to support the neurons
Neuronal Types
- Pyramidal cells make up about 67% of neurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala
- Cerebellar Purkinje cells have many dendrites and are found in the cerebellum
- Motor neurons control motor activity
- Sensory neurons are central nervous system cells activated by sensory input from the environment
Dendrites
- Branch-like processes extend from the cell soma
- They receive information from terminal boutons of adjacent neurons
Axons
- Long, thin tubes extend from the soma
- Length varies in length from a few millimeters to a meter
- Axons create the paths for neurons to communicate by transmitting information
Terminal Boutons
- Ball-like structures located at the ends of axon branches
- Contain neurotransmitters
- Form synapses with other neurons
Synapses
- Near-contact gap separates the terminal bouton of one neuron and the dendrite (or soma) of the next neuron in the chain
Neurotransmitters
- Chemicals cross the synapse from the terminal bouton of one neuron
- Alters the electric potential of the membrane of the next neuron
- Examples include dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
- This is how one neuron communicates with the next
Neural Representation of Information
- All neural information processing occurs in terms of excitation and inhibition
- Individual neurons can respond to specific stimuli features
- Single neurons can not represent human cognition complexity
- Human cognition is thus achieved through large, distributed, complex neural activity patterns within a neural network
Functional Neuroimaging
- Possible because neurons generate an electrical impulse and need oxygen when they fire
CAT Scan
- Uses Computerized Axial Tomography
- It uses x-rays and is nonfunctional
- Can see a picture of the brain at a single point in time
- It is not a dynamic process but can be used to identify damaged areas
PET
- Uses Positron Emission Tomography
- Measures blood flow detecting radiation decay of injected radioactive substance
- Is not used much anymore
fMRI
- Uses functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- It measures blood flow caused by firing neurons, detecting many neurons
- The signal depends on the difference in the magnetic properties of oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin
EEG
- Is electroencephalography
- EEG electrodes must be attached to the scalp
ERPs
- Stands for Event-Related Potentials
- Measures electrical activity after a stimulus is presented
N400
- A negative-going wave peaks about 400 ms after a stimulus
- Very sensitive to word meaning and how a word fits into the context or the degree to which a word is predictable
MEG
- Stands for Magnetoencephalography
- It uses changes in magnetic field to rapidly localize activity in the brain
fNIRS
- Stands for Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
- It uses lasers to measure cerebral blood flow at the surface of the cortex
Practice Questions
- Damage to the prefrontal cortex leads to a variety of problems including problems planning and implementing strategies
- The amygdala modulates the strength of emotional memories and is involved in emotional learning
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Description
Overview of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. Includes the functions of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. Also includes information about the subcortical structures, amygdala, and hippocampus.