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Questions and Answers
What structure serves as a primitive skeleton during embryonic development?
What structure serves as a primitive skeleton during embryonic development?
At what stage does the neural groove begin to develop during embryonic development?
At what stage does the neural groove begin to develop during embryonic development?
Which of the following is NOT one of the phases of brain development?
Which of the following is NOT one of the phases of brain development?
What happens after the neural groove closes along the length of the embryo?
What happens after the neural groove closes along the length of the embryo?
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Which germinal layer thickens to form the neural plate?
Which germinal layer thickens to form the neural plate?
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What is the last phase of brain development mentioned?
What is the last phase of brain development mentioned?
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What does the primitive streak provide during embryonic development?
What does the primitive streak provide during embryonic development?
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Which component is formed first in the nervous system development process?
Which component is formed first in the nervous system development process?
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At what age does the central nervous system begin to form?
At what age does the central nervous system begin to form?
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What is the primary focus of prenatal brain development?
What is the primary focus of prenatal brain development?
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During which phase of development does the brain weigh approximately 1,000g?
During which phase of development does the brain weigh approximately 1,000g?
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What critical developmental process occurs as neurons grow and mature?
What critical developmental process occurs as neurons grow and mature?
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What defines the term 'window of susceptibility' in brain development?
What defines the term 'window of susceptibility' in brain development?
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Which structure's development is primarily associated with judgment and identity creation during adolescence?
Which structure's development is primarily associated with judgment and identity creation during adolescence?
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What is the term for the initial cell formed by the ovum and sperm?
What is the term for the initial cell formed by the ovum and sperm?
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Which phase of brain development involves the migration of neurons to their final destinations?
Which phase of brain development involves the migration of neurons to their final destinations?
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What role do radial glial cells play in neural development?
What role do radial glial cells play in neural development?
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What structures do migrating neurons form as they complete their movement?
What structures do migrating neurons form as they complete their movement?
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At which stage does the neural tube begin to subdivide into different regions of the brain?
At which stage does the neural tube begin to subdivide into different regions of the brain?
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What does gray matter primarily consist of?
What does gray matter primarily consist of?
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What shape do the cerebral hemispheres take as they grow?
What shape do the cerebral hemispheres take as they grow?
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Which phase of brain development is characterized by neuronal cell death and synapse rearrangement?
Which phase of brain development is characterized by neuronal cell death and synapse rearrangement?
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What is the function of white matter in the central nervous system?
What is the function of white matter in the central nervous system?
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What are the elevated ridges on the brain's surface called?
What are the elevated ridges on the brain's surface called?
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Which factor determines the stability of active synapses during development?
Which factor determines the stability of active synapses during development?
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What is the primary role of myelination in neuronal development?
What is the primary role of myelination in neuronal development?
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What percentage of myelin is composed of cholesterol?
What percentage of myelin is composed of cholesterol?
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What impact does insufficient neurotrophic factor have on neurons?
What impact does insufficient neurotrophic factor have on neurons?
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What type of cells form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
What type of cells form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
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At what age does myelination begin to increase rapidly?
At what age does myelination begin to increase rapidly?
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How does myelination affect electrical impulse travel?
How does myelination affect electrical impulse travel?
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Why is breast milk recommended for babies regarding myelination?
Why is breast milk recommended for babies regarding myelination?
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What is the process of synaptogenesis primarily associated with in young brains?
What is the process of synaptogenesis primarily associated with in young brains?
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Which brain structure is responsible for basic survival functions such as heart rate and breathing?
Which brain structure is responsible for basic survival functions such as heart rate and breathing?
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What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
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What role does myelination play in postnatal cerebral development?
What role does myelination play in postnatal cerebral development?
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What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?
What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?
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Which lobe of the cerebrum combines auditory and visual information for recognition?
Which lobe of the cerebrum combines auditory and visual information for recognition?
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What is one consequence of the overproduction of synapses in young brains?
What is one consequence of the overproduction of synapses in young brains?
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Which part of the brain is referred to as the 'survival' center?
Which part of the brain is referred to as the 'survival' center?
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Study Notes
Brain Development
- Brain development begins at three weeks gestation.
- By birth, the brain weighs 350g, and by one year, 1,000g.
- Brain development involves the following stages:
- Proliferation: Production of new cells.
- Migration: Movement of cells towards their final destination.
- Differentiation: Formation of axons and dendrites.
- Myelination: Addition of insulating sheaths.
Stages of Development
- Prenatal: Conception to birth; rapid physical growth.
- Infancy: Birth to 2 years; motor development.
- Childhood: 2 to 12 years; abstract reasoning.
- Adolescence: 13 to 25 years; identity creation and "judgement" development.
Piaget's Object Permanence Task
- The test measures an infant's ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
- Infants younger than 9 months fail the test, suggesting their prefrontal cortex is still developing.
Phases of Prenatal Development
- Zygote: The fertilized egg.
- Embryo: Formed when the zygote implants in the uterus; consists of layers of cells that form organs.
- Fetus: From week 8 until birth.
Prenatal Brain Development
- Primarily structural.
- Cell creation and movement occur during the first five months of gestation.
5 Phases of Brain Development
- Neural Plate Induction: The formation of a patch of tissue on the dorsal surface of the embryo that will become the nervous system.
- Neural Proliferation: Rapid division of neural stem cells.
- Migration & Aggregation: Neurons move to their final positions and form structures.
- Axon Growth & Synapse Formation: Neurons extend axons and form connections with other neurons.
- Cell Death & Synapse Rearrangement: : Selective elimination of neurons and synapses, strengthening existing connections.
Embryonic Development
- Third week: Formation of the notochord, which serves as a primitive skeleton.
- Neural tube formation: From the ectoderm, the nervous system emerges, forming a neural tube.
- Brain Subdivision: The brain divides into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
Photographs of Human Fetal Brain Development
- Show the gradual emergence of gyri (ridges) and sulci (grooves), creating folds and wrinkles.
CNS Tissue Types
- Gray matter: Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals, where synapses occur.
- White matter: Neuronal axons coated with myelin, connecting different parts of grey matter.
Synapse Rearrangement
- Active synapses: Remain stable by receiving enough neurotrophic factors.
- Inactive synapses: Receive insufficient neurotrophic factors and die.
Myelination
- The process of wrapping axons with myelin, which increases the speed of action potential conduction.
- Begins at birth, increases rapidly until 2 years old, and continues slowly until 30 years old.
Postnatal Cerebral Development in Human Infants
- Postnatal growth is driven by synaptogenesis, increased dendritic branches, and myelination.
- The prefrontal cortex continues to myelinate into adolescence.
- The young brain is more plastic, and can recover function after injury.
Brain Structures and Their Functions
-
Cerebrum (cortex): Divided into four lobes:
- Frontal Lobe: Self-regulation, problem-solving, goal-setting, social cognition.
- Parietal Lobe: General sensory input.
- Temporal Lobe: Auditory and visual input, recognition, memory.
- Occipital Lobe: Visual input.
- Brainstem: Basic survival functions.
- Limbic System: Emotions and memory.
- Cerebellum: Movement.
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Description
Explore the fascinating stages of brain development from prenatal to adolescence. This quiz covers key milestones including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Test your understanding of Piaget's Object Permanence Task and the growth phases of early life.
