Brain Development and Defects
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Questions and Answers

Which type of ectoderm gives rise to the entire nervous system?

  • Prechordal mesoderm
  • Notochord
  • Surface ectoderm
  • Neuroectoderm (correct)

    • During neurulation, what stimulates the neuroectoderm to transform into neuroectoderm?

  • Ectodermal placode
  • Neural tube
  • Neural crest
  • Notochord and prechordal mesoderm (correct)

    • What does the neural crest give rise to?

  • Basal and alar plates
  • Spinal cord
  • Neural tube
  • DRG and sensory (correct)

    • Which structure is formed from the neural tube?

    <p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is a lack of neural fold formation and fusion?

    <p>Rachischisis - a severe form of neural tube defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is initially present when the neural tube closes?

    <p>Neuroepithelial layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain develops from the alar plate only?

    <p>Diencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ventricle is connected to the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen?

    <p>Third ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are connected to the brain stem?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which part of the neural tube does the cerebellum develop?

    <p>Alar plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the neural tube becomes gray matter?

    <p>Mantle layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for motor nuclei in the neural tube?

    <p>Basal plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ependymal cells in the neural tube?

    <p>Lining the ventricles and canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sulcus limitans in the neural tube?

    <p>Dividing the lateral wall into basal and alar plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain develops from the metencephalon?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain forms the crus cerebri?

    <p>Cerebral hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain forms the epithalamus?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by a smaller cranial vault and underlying brain?

    <p>Microcephaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the neural tube gives rise to the gray matter?

    <p>Neuroectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain forms the thalamus?

    <p>Diencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ependymal cells in the neural tube?

    <p>Production of cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the neural tube becomes gray matter?

    <p>Mantle layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During neurulation, what stimulates the neuroectoderm to transform into neuroepithelial cells?

    <p>Odontoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by a lack of neural fold formation and fusion, resulting in a severe form of neural tube defect?

    <p>Rachischisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain develops from the rhombic lip?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are connected to the diencephalon?

    <p>Optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves in the medulla oblongata and pons?

    <p>Basal plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sulcus limitans in the neural tube?

    <p>Divides the neural tube into alar plate and basal plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the neural tube becomes gray matter?

    <p>The mantle layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ependymal cells in the neural tube?

    <p>To line the ventricles and canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain develops from the alar plate only?

    <p>The cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for motor nuclei in the neural tube?

    <p>The basal plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain forms the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>The telencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles?

    <p>Hydrocephalus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain develops from the basal plate?

    <p>The crus cerebri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cranial defects affecting brain development mentioned in the text?

    <p>Holoprosencephaly, schizencephaly, and ossification defects in the skull bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure stimulates the neuroectoderm to transform into neuroepithelial cells during neurulation?

    <p>Notochord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain forms the thalamus?

    <p>Alar plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ventricle is connected to the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen?

    <p>Third ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the neural tube becomes gray matter?

    <p>Mantle layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ependymal cells in the neural tube?

    <p>To line the lumen or neurocele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain forms the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Prosencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain develops from the alar plate only?

    <p>Cerebral hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are connected to the brain stem?

    <p>Olfactory and oculomotor nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for motor nuclei in the neural tube?

    <p>Basal plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sulcus limitans in the neural tube?

    <p>Divides the alar plate and basal plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neural tube becomes white matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>The alar plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ependymal cells in the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>To line the ventricles and canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sulcus limitans in the developing spinal cord?

    <p>To divide the neural tube into basal and alar plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neural crest cells migrate around the spinal cord to form?

    <p>Spinal ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain forms the corpus striatum?

    <p>The basal plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by a lack of neural fold formation and fusion, resulting in a severe form of neural tube defect?

    <p>Anencephaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by a smaller cranial vault and underlying brain?

    <p>Microcephaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamus in the brain?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Development of the Brain: Key Facts and Defects

    • The red nucleus and substantia nigra develop from the Alar plate, with some contribution from the basal plate.
    • Fibers descending from the cerebral cortex pass in front of the basal plate and form the crus cerebri.
    • The cerebellum develops from the metencephalon, with the lateral margins of the developing pons forming the cerebellar plates that converge and form the two cerebellar hemispheres.
    • The cerebellar plates contain outer marginal, middle mantle, and inner neuroepithelial layers, with neuroepithelial cells migrating to form the external granular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and other cell types.
    • The telencephalon develops into the cerebral hemispheres, which enlarge and cover the diencephalon.
    • The telencephalic vesicles of the cerebral hemispheres grow in different directions, forming different lobes of the hemisphere and extending the lateral ventricle into these lobes.
    • The corpus striatum is formed from the lower part of the telencephalon, with cells in the mantle layer proliferating and migrating to form the cortex.
    • The diencephalon becomes inside the cerebral hemispheres, with the superior part forming the epithalamus, the middle part forming the thalamus, and the inferior part forming the hypothalamus.
    • The cerebral hemispheres grow in various directions, and by the 6th month of pregnancy, characteristic gyri and sulci are formed.
    • Cranial defects affecting brain development include holoprosencephaly, schizencephaly, and ossification defects in the skull bones.
    • Neural tube defects affecting the brain include excencephaly, anencephaly, and craniorachischis.
    • Hydrocephalus is the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, often due to defects in the development or obstruction of the normal route of CSF flow, while microcephaly is characterized by a smaller cranial vault and underlying brain.

    Reference: Langman’s Embryology, 13th Edition, Chapter 18: Central nervous system & Chapter 20: Eye.

    Development of the Brain: Key Facts and Defects

    • The red nucleus and substantia nigra develop from the Alar plate, with some contribution from the basal plate.
    • Fibers descending from the cerebral cortex pass in front of the basal plate and form the crus cerebri.
    • The cerebellum develops from the metencephalon, with the lateral margins of the developing pons forming the cerebellar plates that converge and form the two cerebellar hemispheres.
    • The cerebellar plates contain outer marginal, middle mantle, and inner neuroepithelial layers, with neuroepithelial cells migrating to form the external granular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and other cell types.
    • The telencephalon develops into the cerebral hemispheres, which enlarge and cover the diencephalon.
    • The telencephalic vesicles of the cerebral hemispheres grow in different directions, forming different lobes of the hemisphere and extending the lateral ventricle into these lobes.
    • The corpus striatum is formed from the lower part of the telencephalon, with cells in the mantle layer proliferating and migrating to form the cortex.
    • The diencephalon becomes inside the cerebral hemispheres, with the superior part forming the epithalamus, the middle part forming the thalamus, and the inferior part forming the hypothalamus.
    • The cerebral hemispheres grow in various directions, and by the 6th month of pregnancy, characteristic gyri and sulci are formed.
    • Cranial defects affecting brain development include holoprosencephaly, schizencephaly, and ossification defects in the skull bones.
    • Neural tube defects affecting the brain include excencephaly, anencephaly, and craniorachischis.
    • Hydrocephalus is the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, often due to defects in the development or obstruction of the normal route of CSF flow, while microcephaly is characterized by a smaller cranial vault and underlying brain.

    Reference: Langman’s Embryology, 13th Edition, Chapter 18: Central nervous system & Chapter 20: Eye.

    Development of the Brain: Key Facts and Defects

    • The red nucleus and substantia nigra develop from the Alar plate, with some contribution from the basal plate.
    • Fibers descending from the cerebral cortex pass in front of the basal plate and form the crus cerebri.
    • The cerebellum develops from the metencephalon, with the lateral margins of the developing pons forming the cerebellar plates that converge and form the two cerebellar hemispheres.
    • The cerebellar plates contain outer marginal, middle mantle, and inner neuroepithelial layers, with neuroepithelial cells migrating to form the external granular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and other cell types.
    • The telencephalon develops into the cerebral hemispheres, which enlarge and cover the diencephalon.
    • The telencephalic vesicles of the cerebral hemispheres grow in different directions, forming different lobes of the hemisphere and extending the lateral ventricle into these lobes.
    • The corpus striatum is formed from the lower part of the telencephalon, with cells in the mantle layer proliferating and migrating to form the cortex.
    • The diencephalon becomes inside the cerebral hemispheres, with the superior part forming the epithalamus, the middle part forming the thalamus, and the inferior part forming the hypothalamus.
    • The cerebral hemispheres grow in various directions, and by the 6th month of pregnancy, characteristic gyri and sulci are formed.
    • Cranial defects affecting brain development include holoprosencephaly, schizencephaly, and ossification defects in the skull bones.
    • Neural tube defects affecting the brain include excencephaly, anencephaly, and craniorachischis.
    • Hydrocephalus is the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, often due to defects in the development or obstruction of the normal route of CSF flow, while microcephaly is characterized by a smaller cranial vault and underlying brain.

    Reference: Langman’s Embryology, 13th Edition, Chapter 18: Central nervous system & Chapter 20: Eye.

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