Brain as CPU: Processing Information

Brain as a CPU System

• • The human brain and a CPU share similar functionalities, although some differences exist.
  • Both receive, process, and deliver information using electrical signals.
  • The brain uses a complex network of neurons communicating through electrical signals called "Action Potential".
  • CPUs use electrical signals in circuitry.
  • Brain and CPU components connect data or information to reach logical conclusions.
  • The brain and computers have memory storage to save and process data as needed.
  • Computer memory consists of silicon chips with adjustable storage, while the brain stores memories in the hippocampus, which aids memory, learning, navigation, and perception.
  • Brain memories grow stronger with synapses where neurons connect and communicate.
  • The human brain's memory capacity is about 2.5 petabytes, equal to 2.5 million gigabytes of computer memory.
  • Both the brain and CPUs can adapt and learn from stimuli.
  • Human brains learn from stimuli such as past experiences; CPUs learn from software or algorithms.
  • Some computer algorithms, like "Deep Learning," proactively absorb new information.
  • Both evolve over time, the average human brain weighs 1300 grams, with specialized regions for functions like decision-making, movement, memory, language, and consciousness.
  • Computers have evolved faster due to technological advancements, becoming more compact and powerful.
  • Problem-solving and decision-making involve complex cognitive tasks in humans and computers.
  • Humans offer creativity and innovation through intuitive, contextual, and non-linear thinking, including emotional and aesthetic considerations.
  • Computers excel with data-driven insights, algorithmic creativity, rapid processing, simulation, automation and optimization.
  • Both the brain and computers are vulnerable to damage, which can impair function.
  • Neuron damage may lead to neurological disorders, like Parkinson's disease, while CPU circuit damage can cause system crashes.

  EEG

  • EEG (electroencephalography) is a non-invasive method to measure brain neuron electrical activity.
  • Neurons communicate across synaptic clefts, each able to connect with thousands of others.
  • A neuron sends a signal via a presynaptic neuron, releasing a neurotransmitter that binds to a receptor on a postsynaptic neuron.
  • Signals are recorded with electrodes on the scalp.
  • The EEG pattern will give insight into the synchronized electrical activity of neuron populations, tracking brain wave patterns.
  • Metal discs with thin wires (electrodes) on the scalp send signals to a computer to record results.
  • Regular brain electrical activity forms a recognizable pattern.
  • EEG helps doctors identify abnormal patterns indicating seizures, and other problems.
  • EEGs detect brain electrical activity problems and specific brain disorders.
  • EEG measurements confirm or rule out various conditions, including: Seizure disorders (epilepsy) and head injury, Encephalytis (brain inflammation), brain tumors, encephalopathy (brain malfunction), sleep disorders, stroke, dementia in comas and surgeries while using anaesthesia.

  Eye as a Camera System

  • The eye can be compared to a camera, as they both capture light and then convert it into an image.
  • Light passes through a thin moisture layer in the eye.
  • Light hits the cornea, a transparent membrane that begins focusing light, acting as the camera's lens.
  • The iris controls the amount of incoming light, similar to a camera's diaphragm.
  • The cornea is connected to the sclera, a protective fiber layer.
  • Behind the cornea lies the aqueous humor, a layer of liquid that maintains eye pressure and provides nutrition.
  • Once the light goes through the aqueos humor, its reaches the pupil.
  • The pupil controls how much light goes into the eye.
  • Similar to a camera's aperture, controlling light entering the eye.
  • The lens adjusts based on the distance between the eye and an object, using muscles called ciliary muscles to focus the image.
  • Light passes through the vitreous or vitreous humor, a gel-like transparent moisturizing layer.
  • It then reaches the retina, where images are projected, like a camera's film.
  • The choroid supports the retina via blood vessels, providing oxygen and nutrients.
  • Photoreceptor cells form the image, including Rod and Cone cells.
  • Cones offer central vision for colors and fine details.
  • Rods provide peripheral vision, motion detection and night vision.
  • The projected image is transmitted as electrical signals to the brain by optic nerves, like the USB or HDMI cable connecting the camera to the computer.

  Optical Corrections

  • Optical corrections involve devices/techniques to improve vision problems caused by refractive errors.
  • Refractive errors occur when light entering the eye isn't correctly focused on the retina, leading to blurry vision. Includes:
  • Myopia (nearsightedness): Light is focused in front of the retina, making distant objects appear blurry.
  • Hyperopia (farsightedness): Light is focused behind the retina, making near objects appear blurry.
  • Astigmatism: Light isn't focused evenly, resulting in blurry or distorted vision. Common optical corrections include eyeglasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery.
  • Eyeglasses use corrective lenses to refocus light onto the retina, improving vision.
  • Contact lenses are corrective lenses that sit directly on the cornea.
  • Refractive surgery (LASIK, PRK) reshape the cornea, to correct refractive errors.
  • Optical corrections improve visual acuity and life quality significantly, while regular eye exams determine the correct correction and monitor eye health.

  Bionic or Artificial or Prosthetic Eye

  • Eye injury, glaucoma, tumors, infection, or age-related defects can also cause loss of vision.
  • When surgical correction isn't possible, a prosthetic eye can help improve light sensitivity to create a sense of restored vision for those with vision loss.
  • Devices are being created for retinal degeneration caused by diseases like retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  • Visual prosthetic devices are designed for people with profound vision loss.
  • The device has a camera, processor, and an electrode array that connects to the retina.
  • The camera captures images and transmits signals to the processor.
  • The processor uses electrical stimulation to electrodes in the retina to stimulate remaining cells and restore vision.
  • This restored vision helps with daily tasks more safely and efficiently.

  Heart as a Pump System

  • The human heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, is the size of a fist, located in the middle of the chest, slightly to the left.
  • Each day the heart beats around 100,000 times.
  • It pumps about five liters of blood through blood vessels called the circulatory system.
  • With the blood delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body.
  • The heart is a single organ that functions as a double pump.
  • The first pump carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is unloaded and oxygen is picked up.
  • Oxygen-rich blood is delivered to the heart.
  • The second pump delivers oxygen-rich blood to the body.
  • The heart has four chambers. Two on the left and two on the right.
  • The atria are the two upper chambers.
  • The ventricles are the two lower chambers.
  • The septum divides the left and right sides.
  • One-way valves ensure blood flows correctly, preventing backflow.
  • The heart is surrounded by the pericardium, which protects and lubricates it.
  • In the cardiac cycle:
  • Oxygen-rich blood enters through the left atrium, passes through a valve and enters the left ventricle.
  • The left ventricle then pumps blood through the aorta to the organs, where oxygen and nutrients are transferred, and carbon dioxide and waste are collected.
  • The deoxygenated blood goes through the respective veins to the right atrium.
  • It then transfers to the ventricles.
  • The blood moves to the right ventricle, which facilitates the blood transfer to the lungs.
  • Blood is then then reoxygenated and the waste gasses are released.
  • 5.6 liters of blood are circulated every minute.
  • An average of 60 to 100 beats per minute.
  • The stroke volume, 50-100ml is the volume pushed out with each beat.
  • Cardiac output measures is 3-5L/minute.
  • Bloodflow requires electrical signals to the cardiac muscles.
  • Interrupted rhythms need the help of: Pacemakers.
  • Heart is beating too quickly (tachycardia)
  • Heart is beating too slowly (bradycardia)
  • Heart is beating in an irregular way (arrhythmia)
  • ECG/EKG can be used to find problems.
  • The ECG gives a graphic recording of the heart tracing.

  Pacemakers

  • Pacemakers are battery-powered devices used to treat arrhythmias, where the heart beats irregularly.
  • They use electrical pulses to generate heartbeats, to help the syncronize the heart to pump blood efficiently.
  • Traditional pacemakers have a generator/battery placed outside the ehart to three heart chambers.
  • The Pacemaker will use the generator to create electrical pulses.
  • Leads carry the pulses from the veins to the heart.
  • The electrodes sense the heartbeat, delivering electrical impulses to regulate it if it slows down.
  • Wireless pacemakers are a newer wire-free type.
  • These smaller pacemakers have a pulse generator and electrodes in one device inserted into a heart chamber through a vein, using electrical pulses to the right ventricle.

  Artificial Heart

  • Artificial hearts are mechanical circulatory support devices that replace the ventricles in patients with advanced heart failure.
  • Two types: Heart-Lung Machine and Mechanical Heart.
  • The heart-lung machine is a mechanical pump that maintains blood circulation and oxygen during heart surgery by diverting blood from the venous system.
  • The oxygenator removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen to the blood with 5 liters needed per minute.
  • The surgeon can replace or fix heart malfunction.
  • Mechanical hearts replace or assist the heart, require total ventricle removal, VADs can remain inside the body.
  • Uses include cardiac resuscitation, recovery from shock, and support for patients awaiting transplant.
  • It has been used a support for people who cant receive a transplant.
  • The final goal is to provide quality and mobility.

  Lungs as Purification System

  • The respiratory system works with the circulatory system supplying oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from that body.
  • The process of respiration can be summarized as:
  1. Air inhales through the nose and mouth..
  2. The air then moves through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea into the lungs.
  3. Normal inhalation is the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contracting, while the ribcage elevates.
  4. Lung volume increases, and air pressure drops, and air fills the lungs.
  5. Oxygen is traded for carbon dioxide in external respiration using microscopic sacs called alveoli.
  6. Oxygen fills the alveoli and flows into the pulmonary capillaries.
  7. It bonds with the red blood cells hemoglobin and is pumped throughout.
  8. Carbon dioxide flows from from the capillaries into he alveoli and is exhaled.
  9. During the change from inhalation to exhalation the muscles contract in the lungs and air pressure rises.

  Ventilators

  • Ventilators assist and control breathing for individuals who can't breathe independently.
  • They allow air to flow inside out to enable the body to receive needed.
  • Fitted masks can enable a person to get the oxygen needed from the ventilator.
  • Severe cases could result in breathing tubes being inserted down someones throat.
  • Person might need mechanical respiration.
  1. Anesthesia can affect breathing ability.
  2. Lung conditions and/or infection.
  3. Medical emergency.
  4. Brain injuries can affect breathing coordination.
  5. Too much carbon dixoide or oxigen deficiency.

  Artificial Lung Device

  • Artificial lungs mimic the natural respiratory system.
  • Synthetic material membranes go into blood vessels, tubes and silicone cannulas.
  • Advances in artificial lung technology, include better membranes, pumps, and support, in order to support patients while waiting for suitable transplant.

  Kidney as a Filtration System

  • Kidneys are located near the rib cage and are bean-shaped organs.
  • The purpose is to filter blood and remove extra, water, waste.
  • Kidneys also handle acid from the body.
  • It balances minerals like potassium calcium and minerals.
  • A million filtering units called nephrons make each kidney.
  • Each nephrons has a glomerulus and tubule. -The glomerulus filters blood. -The tubule will then remove any needed substance within the blood returning only the waste.
  • Kidneys filter 180-200 liters of fluid daily.
  • Dialysis replaces the kidneys and filters blood.
  • Waster fluid isn't removed and it becomes dangerous.
  • Kidney failure results in the need for dialysis.
  • Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis, are a few kinds done.
  • In hemodialysis, a dialyzer, the extra fluid and wastes, are removed. To start, surgery create a access sight so that needles can be inserted and the machine works.
  • In peritoneal dialysis, the machines filter blood and use a catheter to clean the abdomen.

  Artificial Kidney

  • Dialysis partially performs the filtration and removal functions of a kidney, and correct electrolyte imbalances via diffusion, while not performing other endocrine or metabolic functions.
  • Peritoneal dialysis at home will sometime carry time related difficulty or fatigue.
  • The artificial Kidney (AK) replicates the physiological process of the average human kidney.
  • Two methods can develop kidneys: Biological and Technological.
  • Biological will grow artificial kidney.
  • Biological uses living cells such as kidneys or stem cells.
  • Technological using silicon and polymers.
  • Artificial kidney remains in its initial stages while more studies are being worked on.

  Muscular Systems as Scaffolds

  • The use of musculars systems of scaffold is an evolving research study.
  • Muscles are used as scaffolds because they can support regeneration due to the properties they hold.
  • Methods have been created useing muscle to create 3-D support for new heart tissue.
  • Muscle cells are grown in an artifical manner as well.
  • Muscle cells are implanted and supported to help regain muscle tissue.
  • The goal is to assist cells to grow and support better tissue.

  Mechanisms in Muscular systemes as scaffolds

  • The mechanism is how how the muscles will support scaffolding and regeneration.
  • Mucsle cells and scaffolds are used to support new growing tissue.
  • The method of growing cell tissues for muscle growth uses gydrogels or artifical scaffolds.

  Cell structure formation

  • Harvest Muscle Cells will be placed in artifical and hydrogel matrixes.
  • Celss will start in the process of diffferentiation.
  • Muscle and heart cells begin to orgaize for new tissue.
  • Scaffolds are cellls are then implated to promote growth/

  Skeletal Systems as Scaffolds

  • The skeletal system uses bones, joints, and connective tissues, for mobility, structure and support.
  • The human body is constructed of around 206 bones which provide strenght and support.
  • Cartilage are cushions inbetween that reduce friction and act as a shock absorber.
  • Ligament are rugged bands that create stability.
  • Tendons conenctmuscles enabling movement.
  • All of thse are to enable movment, saftey, and a structural framework.

  Skeletal System as Scaffold

  • The skeletal system can be a scaffold for tissue growth in specific applications.

  • It creates artificial scaffolds to support growth and regeneration.

  • Engineering bones for repairing and regenating bones works great with the skeleton.

  • Bio material scaffold mimic and design the bone to create 3-d structures for attachment to bone.

  • Cartilage are scaffolds that can be explored.

  • A system can be explored as to promote and create tissue growth.

  • The human brain and a CPU share similar functionalities, although some differences exist.

  • Both receive, process, and deliver information using electrical signals.

  • The brain uses a complex network of neurons communicating through electrical signals called "Action Potential".

  • CPUs use electrical signals in circuitry.

  • Brain and CPU components connect data or information to reach logical conclusions.

  • The brain and computers have memory storage to save and process data as needed.

  • Computer memory consists of silicon chips with adjustable storage, while the brain stores memories in the hippocampus, which aids memory, learning, navigation, and perception.

  • Brain memories grow stronger with synapses where neurons connect and communicate.

  • The human brain's memory capacity is about 2.5 petabytes, equal to 2.5 million gigabytes of computer memory.

  • Both the brain and CPUs can adapt and learn from stimuli.

  • Human brains learn from stimuli such as past experiences; CPUs learn from software or algorithms.

  • Some computer algorithms, like "Deep Learning," proactively absorb new information.

  • Both evolve over time, the average human brain weighs 1300 grams, with specialized regions for functions like decision-making, movement, memory, language, and consciousness.

  • Computers have evolved faster due to technological advancements, becoming more compact and powerful.

  • Problem-solving and decision-making involve complex cognitive tasks in humans and computers.

  • Humans offer creativity and innovation through intuitive, contextual, and non-linear thinking, including emotional and aesthetic considerations.

  • Computers excel with data-driven insights, algorithmic creativity, rapid processing, simulation, automation and optimization.

  • Both the brain and computers are vulnerable to damage, which can impair function.

  • Neuron damage may lead to neurological disorders, like Parkinson's disease, while CPU circuit damage can cause system crashes.

  EEG

  • EEG (electroencephalography) is a non-invasive method to measure brain neuron electrical activity.
  • Neurons communicate across synaptic clefts, each able to connect with thousands of others.
  • A neuron sends a signal via a presynaptic neuron, releasing a neurotransmitter that binds to a receptor on a postsynaptic neuron.
  • Signals are recorded with electrodes on the scalp.
  • The EEG pattern will give insight into the synchronized electrical activity of neuron populations, tracking brain wave patterns.
  • Metal discs with thin wires (electrodes) on the scalp send signals to a computer to record results.
  • Regular brain electrical activity forms a recognizable pattern.
  • EEG helps doctors identify abnormal patterns indicating seizures, and other problems.
  • EEGs detect brain electrical activity problems and specific brain disorders.
  • EEG measurements confirm or rule out various conditions, including: Seizure disorders (epilepsy) and head injury, Encephalytis (brain inflammation), brain tumors, encephalopathy (brain malfunction), sleep disorders, stroke, dementia in comas and surgeries while using anaesthesia.

  Eye as a Camera System

  • The eye can be compared to a camera, as they both capture light and then convert it into an image.
  • Light passes through a thin moisture layer in the eye.
  • Light hits the cornea, a transparent membrane that begins focusing light, acting as the camera's lens.
  • The iris controls the amount of incoming light, similar to a camera's diaphragm.
  • The cornea is connected to the sclera, a protective fiber layer.
  • Behind the cornea lies the aqueous humor, a layer of liquid that maintains eye pressure and provides nutrition.
  • Once the light goes through the aqueos humor, its reaches the pupil.
  • The pupil controls how much light goes into the eye.
  • Similar to a camera's aperture, controlling light entering the eye.
  • The lens adjusts based on the distance between the eye and an object, using muscles called ciliary muscles to focus the image.
  • Light passes through the vitreous or vitreous humor, a gel-like transparent moisturizing layer.
  • It then reaches the retina, where images are projected, like a camera's film.
  • The choroid supports the retina via blood vessels, providing oxygen and nutrients.
  • Photoreceptor cells form the image, including Rod and Cone cells.
  • Cones offer central vision for colors and fine details.
  • Rods provide peripheral vision, motion detection and night vision.
  • The projected image is transmitted as electrical signals to the brain by optic nerves, like the USB or HDMI cable connecting the camera to the computer.

  Optical Corrections

  • Optical corrections involve devices/techniques to improve vision problems caused by refractive errors.
  • Refractive errors occur when light entering the eye isn't correctly focused on the retina, leading to blurry vision. Includes:
  • Myopia (nearsightedness): Light is focused in front of the retina, making distant objects appear blurry.
  • Hyperopia (farsightedness): Light is focused behind the retina, making near objects appear blurry.
  • Astigmatism: Light isn't focused evenly, resulting in blurry or distorted vision. Common optical corrections include eyeglasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery.
  • Eyeglasses use corrective lenses to refocus light onto the retina, improving vision.
  • Contact lenses are corrective lenses that sit directly on the cornea.
  • Refractive surgery (LASIK, PRK) reshape the cornea, to correct refractive errors.
  • Optical corrections improve visual acuity and life quality significantly, while regular eye exams determine the correct correction and monitor eye health.

  Bionic or Artificial or Prosthetic Eye

  • Eye injury, glaucoma, tumors, infection, or age-related defects can also cause loss of vision.
  • When surgical correction isn't possible, a prosthetic eye can help improve light sensitivity to create a sense of restored vision for those with vision loss.
  • Devices are being created for retinal degeneration caused by diseases like retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  • Visual prosthetic devices are designed for people with profound vision loss.
  • The device has a camera, processor, and an electrode array that connects to the retina.
  • The camera captures images and transmits signals to the processor.
  • The processor uses electrical stimulation to electrodes in the retina to stimulate remaining cells and restore vision.
  • This restored vision helps with daily tasks more safely and efficiently.

  Heart as a Pump System

  • The human heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, is the size of a fist, located in the middle of the chest, slightly to the left.
  • Each day the heart beats around 100,000 times.
  • It pumps about five liters of blood through blood vessels called the circulatory system.
  • With the blood delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body.
  • The heart is a single organ that functions as a double pump.
  • The first pump carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is unloaded and oxygen is picked up.
  • Oxygen-rich blood is delivered to the heart.
  • The second pump delivers oxygen-rich blood to the body.
  • The heart has four chambers. Two on the left and two on the right.
  • The atria are the two upper chambers.
  • The ventricles are the two lower chambers.
  • The septum divides the left and right sides.
  • One-way valves ensure blood flows correctly, preventing backflow.
  • The heart is surrounded by the pericardium, which protects and lubricates it.
  • In the cardiac cycle:
  • Oxygen-rich blood enters through the left atrium, passes through a valve and enters the left ventricle.
  • The left ventricle then pumps blood through the aorta to the organs, where oxygen and nutrients are transferred, and carbon dioxide and waste are collected.
  • The deoxygenated blood goes through the respective veins to the right atrium.
  • It then transfers to the ventricles.
  • The blood moves to the right ventricle, which facilitates the blood transfer to the lungs.
  • Blood is then then reoxygenated and the waste gasses are released.
  • 5.6 liters of blood are circulated every minute.
  • An average of 60 to 100 beats per minute.
  • The stroke volume, 50-100ml is the volume pushed out with each beat.
  • Cardiac output measures is 3-5L/minute.
  • Bloodflow requires electrical signals to the cardiac muscles.
  • Interrupted rhythms need the help of: Pacemakers.
  • Heart is beating too quickly (tachycardia)
  • Heart is beating too slowly (bradycardia)
  • Heart is beating in an irregular way (arrhythmia)
  • ECG/EKG can be used to find problems.
  • The ECG gives a graphic recording of the heart tracing.

  Pacemakers

  • Pacemakers are battery-powered devices used to treat arrhythmias, where the heart beats irregularly.
  • They use electrical pulses to generate heartbeats, to help the syncronize the heart to pump blood efficiently.
  • Traditional pacemakers have a generator/battery placed outside the ehart to three heart chambers.
  • The Pacemaker will use the generator to create electrical pulses.
  • Leads carry the pulses from the veins to the heart.
  • The electrodes sense the heartbeat, delivering electrical impulses to regulate it if it slows down.
  • Wireless pacemakers are a newer wire-free type.
  • These smaller pacemakers have a pulse generator and electrodes in one device inserted into a heart chamber through a vein, using electrical pulses to the right ventricle.

  Artificial Heart

  • Artificial hearts are mechanical circulatory support devices that replace the ventricles in patients with advanced heart failure.
  • Two types: Heart-Lung Machine and Mechanical Heart.
  • The heart-lung machine is a mechanical pump that maintains blood circulation and oxygen during heart surgery by diverting blood from the venous system.
  • The oxygenator removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen to the blood with 5 liters needed per minute.
  • The surgeon can replace or fix heart malfunction.
  • Mechanical hearts replace or assist the heart, require total ventricle removal, VADs can remain inside the body.
  • Uses include cardiac resuscitation, recovery from shock, and support for patients awaiting transplant.
  • It has been used a support for people who cant receive a transplant.
  • The final goal is to provide quality and mobility.

  Lungs as Purification System

  • The respiratory system works with the circulatory system supplying oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from that body.
  • The process of respiration can be summarized as:
  1. Air inhales through the nose and mouth..
  2. The air then moves through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea into the lungs.
  3. Normal inhalation is the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contracting, while the ribcage elevates.
  4. Lung volume increases, and air pressure drops, and air fills the lungs.
  5. Oxygen is traded for carbon dioxide in external respiration using microscopic sacs called alveoli.
  6. Oxygen fills the alveoli and flows into the pulmonary capillaries.
  7. It bonds with the red blood cells hemoglobin and is pumped throughout.
  8. Carbon dioxide flows from from the capillaries into he alveoli and is exhaled.
  9. During the change from inhalation to exhalation the muscles contract in the lungs and air pressure rises.

  Ventilators

  • Ventilators assist and control breathing for individuals who can't breathe independently.
  • They allow air to flow inside out to enable the body to receive needed.
  • Fitted masks can enable a person to get the oxygen needed from the ventilator.
  • Severe cases could result in breathing tubes being inserted down someones throat.
  • Person might need mechanical respiration.
  1. Anesthesia can affect breathing ability.
  2. Lung conditions and/or infection.
  3. Medical emergency.
  4. Brain injuries can affect breathing coordination.
  5. Too much carbon dixoide or oxigen deficiency.

  Artificial Lung Device

  • Artificial lungs mimic the natural respiratory system.
  • Synthetic material membranes go into blood vessels, tubes and silicone cannulas.
  • Advances in artificial lung technology, include better membranes, pumps, and support, in order to support patients while waiting for suitable transplant.

  Kidney as a Filtration System

  • Kidneys are located near the rib cage and are bean-shaped organs.
  • The purpose is to filter blood and remove extra, water, waste.
  • Kidneys also handle acid from the body.
  • It balances minerals like potassium calcium and minerals.
  • A million filtering units called nephrons make each kidney.
  • Each nephrons has a glomerulus and tubule. -The glomerulus filters blood. -The tubule will then remove any needed substance within the blood returning only the waste.
  • Kidneys filter 180-200 liters of fluid daily.
  • Dialysis replaces the kidneys and filters blood.
  • Waster fluid isn't removed and it becomes dangerous.
  • Kidney failure results in the need for dialysis.
  • Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis, are a few kinds done.
  • In hemodialysis, a dialyzer, the extra fluid and wastes, are removed. To start, surgery create a access sight so that needles can be inserted and the machine works.
  • In peritoneal dialysis, the machines filter blood and use a catheter to clean the abdomen.

  Artificial Kidney

  • Dialysis partially performs the filtration and removal functions of a kidney, and correct electrolyte imbalances via diffusion, while not performing other endocrine or metabolic functions.
  • Peritoneal dialysis at home will sometime carry time related difficulty or fatigue.
  • The artificial Kidney (AK) replicates the physiological process of the average human kidney.
  • Two methods can develop kidneys: Biological and Technological.
  • Biological will grow artificial kidney.
  • Biological uses living cells such as kidneys or stem cells.
  • Technological using silicon and polymers.
  • Artificial kidney remains in its initial stages while more studies are being worked on.

  Muscular Systems as Scaffolds

  • The use of musculars systems of scaffold is an evolving research study.
  • Muscles are used as scaffolds because they can support regeneration due to the properties they hold.
  • Methods have been created useing muscle to create 3-D support for new heart tissue.
  • Muscle cells are grown in an artifical manner as well.
  • Muscle cells are implanted and supported to help regain muscle tissue.
  • The goal is to assist cells to grow and support better tissue.

  Mechanisms in Muscular systemes as scaffolds

  • The mechanism is how how the muscles will support scaffolding and regeneration.
  • Mucsle cells and scaffolds are used to support new growing tissue.
  • The method of growing cell tissues for muscle growth uses gydrogels or artifical scaffolds.

  Cell structure formation

  • Harvest Muscle Cells will be placed in artifical and hydrogel matrixes.
  • Celss will start in the process of diffferentiation.
  • Muscle and heart cells begin to orgaize for new tissue.
  • Scaffolds are cellls are then implated to promote growth/

  Skeletal Systems as Scaffolds

  • The skeletal system uses bones, joints, and connective tissues, for mobility, structure and support.
  • The human body is constructed of around 206 bones which provide strenght and support.
  • Cartilage are cushions inbetween that reduce friction and act as a shock absorber.
  • Ligament are rugged bands that create stability.
  • Tendons conenctmuscles enabling movement.
  • All of thse are to enable movment, saftey, and a structural framework.

  Skeletal System as Scaffold

  • The skeletal system can be a scaffold for tissue growth in specific applications.
  • It creates artificial scaffolds to support growth and regeneration.
  • Engineering bones for repairing and regenating bones works great with the skeleton.
  • Bio material scaffold mimic and design the bone to create 3-d structures for attachment to bone.
  • Cartilage are scaffolds that can be explored.
  • A system can be explored as to promote and create tissue growth.