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Questions and Answers
What vein combines with v.basilica brachii in fossa axillaris to form v.axillaris?
Where does v.axillaris begin and end?
Which vein is frequently torn in axillary injuries, leading to extensive bleeding and air embolism?
Where does v.subclavia start and where does it extend to?
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Which vein forms after V.cephalica combines with v.axillaris?
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Where do vv.interossea anterior and posterior open in the forearm?
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Which vein connects to v.basilica forming an 'M' pattern of veins?
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What do deep veins in the forearm typically accompany?
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Where are intravenous injections often given in the upper forearm?
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Which vein is taken from deep near the fossa cubiti?
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Study Notes
Brachial Artery and Its Major Branches
- The brachial artery branches into the radial (a.radialis) and ulnar (a.ulnaris) arteries under the fossa cubiti.
- It supplies the humerus and surrounding muscles with a.nutricia branches.
- A.profunda brachii is the largest and most important branch, serving as the primary artery of the arm.
- A.profunda brachii provides the collateralis radialis branch.
- It travels in the sulcus nervi radialis and wraps around the arm’s extensor surface.
Clinical Considerations
- In cases of humeral shaft fractures, damage to a.profunda brachii and the radial nerve (n.radialis) can occur, emphasizing its vulnerable location.
Collateral Circulation at the Elbow
- As it approaches the elbow joint, the brachial artery gives rise to the superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries.
- These collateral arteries are integral in forming a dense arterial anastomosis around the elbow region.
Radial Artery (a.radialis)
- The radial artery is the thinner terminal branch of the brachial artery.
- It courses distally in the forearm between the brachioradialis and pronator teres muscles.
- Becomes superficial in the "sulcus arteria radialis" between the brachioradialis and flexor pollicis longus tendons.
- The radial artery enters the wrist’s fovea radialis (snuff pit) and connects with palmar arch arteries (arcus palmaris profundus and superficialis), leading to digital arteries (aa.digitales palmares propria).
Ulnar Artery (a.ulnaris)
- Ulnar artery is the thicker terminal branch of the brachial artery.
- It passes under the pronator teres and crosses paths with the median nerve (n.medianus).
- Anastomoses with the subscapular artery and circumflex scapular artery, enhancing blood supply.
Axillary Artery (a.axillaris)
- The axillary artery is renamed from subclavian after passing under the clavicle.
- Located in the axillary fossa alongside axillary vein (v.axillaris) and brachial plexus (plx.brachialis).
- The axillary artery has three segments:
- First part: Between the first rib’s lateral edge and the upper pectoralis minor edge, giving off the thoracica suprema branch.
- Second part: Positioned behind pectoralis minor, branching into thoracoacromialis and thoracica lateralis.
- Third part: Between the lower edge of pectoralis minor and teres major, giving rise to subscapularis (with thoracodorsalis and circumflex scapular branches) and both anterior and posterior circumflex humeri branches.
Clinical Implications of Axillary Artery
- Collum chirurgicum fractures may injure the axillary artery alongside the axillary nerve (n.axillaris).
- Prolonged use of crutches can lead to axillary artery compression.
Upper Extremity Collateral Circulation
- The anastomosis around the scapula involves the circumflex scapular artery, suprascapular artery, and dorsal scapular artery, which collectively support collateral circulation in the upper extremity.
Brachial Artery Overview
- Brachial artery is a continuation of the axillary artery, running alongside the median nerve (n.medianus) and the brachial vein (v.brachialis).
- It is situated between the brachialis and biceps brachii on the arm's inner surface, ensuring adequate blood supply to these muscles.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the brachial artery, its branches, and its clinical significance. Learn about the division of the brachial artery into radial and ulnar branches, the importance of the deep brachial artery, and its role in supplying blood to the arm.
