Anatomy of the Brachial Artery

Anatomical Course and Branches

• The brachial artery is a major artery in the upper arm, arising from the axillary artery.
• It runs medially within the cubital fossa towards the elbow.
• It divides into the radial and ulnar arteries, supplying the forearm and hand.
• Branches supply surrounding muscles, tissues, and structures along its path.

Clinical Significance

• The brachial artery pulse is a common peripheral circulation assessment point.
• Palpating the brachial pulse provides information on heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiovascular function.
• The artery's location in the cubital fossa makes it accessible for palpation, cannulation, and procedures.
• Thrombosis or embolism affecting the brachial artery reduces blood flow, causing ischemia in the forearm and hand.
• The brachial artery is a standard blood pressure measurement site due to its accessibility.
• Assessing the brachial artery is key for evaluating limb perfusion and detecting occlusive or inflammatory conditions.

Relation to other Structures

• The brachial artery is in the arm's anterior compartment, superficial to the brachial vein and median nerve.
• Located within the cubital fossa, flanked by the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles.
• Key structures surrounding the brachial artery include the median nerve and radial and ulnar arteries.
• Understanding these relationships is vital for safe procedures.

Importance in Diagnosis

• Brachial artery blood pressure measurement is crucial for cardiovascular health assessment.
• Doppler ultrasound measures blood flow velocity in the brachial artery, aiding vascular disease diagnosis.
• Vascular imaging techniques target the brachial artery for identifying arterial lesions or blockages.

Potential Clinical Issues

• Brachial artery thrombosis causes acute limb ischemia.
• Embolism to the brachial artery results in distal ischemia.
• Aneurysms or dissections compromise blood flow.
• Fractures or penetrating wounds can damage the brachial artery.
• Vasculitis can affect the brachial artery, reducing its lumen and compromising blood flow.

Anatomical Variations

• Variations exist in brachial artery branching patterns and course between individuals.
• Minor differences in the artery's relationship with surrounding structures are common.
• Recognizing these variations is essential to avoid misinterpreting clinical findings.