BPH 118: Principles of Disease Control
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of a communicable disease?

  • It is a long-lasting and progresses slowly
  • It is always evident at birth
  • It is transmitted from an infected person, animal or inanimate source to a susceptible host (correct)
  • It arises from environmental exposures or genetically determined abnormalities

    • Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne disease?

  • Tetanus
  • Ringworm
  • Malaria (correct)
  • Asthma

    • What percentage of deaths from noncommunicable diseases are attributed to cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes mellitus?

  • 70 percent
  • 82 percent (correct)
  • 75 percent
  • 60 percent

    • Which of the following is an example of a contact disease?

    <p>Yaws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term used to describe a communicable disease?

    <p>Transmissible disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a water and food-borne disease?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of disease called?

    <p>Pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of correctly identifying the cause of a disease?

    <p>To identify the proper course of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism?

    <p>Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the course BPH 118: Principles of Disease Control?

    <p>Understanding biological concepts of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the understanding of the mechanisms of disease development?

    <p>Pathogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main categories of diseases?

    <p>Communicable and Non-Communicable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of disease control and prevention principles?

    <p>Appreciating strategies and interventions for disease control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the determination of the cause of a disease?

    <p>Etiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a communicable disease?

    <p>An illness that arises through transmission of an agent from an infected person to a susceptible host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a definitive host?

    <p>A host in which a parasite attains its maturity or passes its sexual stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reservoir host?

    <p>Any animal species that is infected by a parasite and serves as a source of infection for man or other species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a secondary host?

    <p>A human body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a transport host?

    <p>A carrier in which the organism remains alive but does not undergo development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reservoir of Clostridium botulinum?

    <p>Soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an infectious agent?

    <p>A biological agent that causes disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary host of the malarial parasite Plasmodium?

    <p>The female Anopheles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism that does not allow transmission to the definitive host, thereby preventing the parasite from completing its development?

    <p>Accidental host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the natural habitat of an infectious agent?

    <p>Reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animals?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the quantity of the organism needed to cause clinical disease?

    <p>Infective dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the presence of an infectious agent on a body surface or in objects?

    <p>Contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the lodgment, development, and reproduction of arthropods on the surface of the body or in clothing?

    <p>Infestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a disease that is transmitted through contact?

    <p>Contagious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual or its wastes to a susceptible individual or its food or immediate surroundings?

    <p>Vector of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a sporadic disease?

    <p>It shows no or little connection with other cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a nosocomial infection?

    <p>It occurs in a patient in a hospital or other health care facility, in whom the infection was not present or incubating at the time of admission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an opportunistic infection?

    <p>It is an infection by organisms that take the opportunity provided by a defect in host defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a case?

    <p>A person in the population or study group identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the index case?

    <p>The first identified case in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carrier?

    <p>A person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent without discernible clinical disease, and which serves as a potential source of infection to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period?

    <p>The time from exposure to development of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three elements necessary to form a carrier state?

    <p>The presence in the body of the disease agent, the absence of recognizable symptoms and signs of disease, and the shedding of disease agent in the discharge or excretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Disease Control and Prevention

    • This course provides an introduction to core concepts and principles in disease control and prevention.
    • Students will be introduced to infectious disease surveillance data, disease transmission, and outbreak investigation.

    Course Objectives

    • Understand biological concepts of diseases
    • Recognize the properties of different types of pathogens and the mechanisms of pathogenesis
    • Understand the principles of control and prevention of diseases
    • Identify and describe current public health issues related to the most important diseases in Ghana
    • Appreciate strategies and interventions put in place to control and prevent diseases in Ghana

    Course Content

    • Disease principles, diagnosis, and detection
    • Disease control and prevention principles
    • Antibiotic resistance
    • Prevention of disease spread/vaccinology
    • Therapeutics, emergency responses to emerging diseases
    • Strategies and interventions for control and management

    Overview of Diseases

    • A disease is a harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury.
    • The study of disease is called pathology.

    Types of Diseases

    • Communicable diseases (infectious, transmissible disease)
    • Non-communicable diseases (long-lasting, progress slowly, also referred to as chronic diseases)

    Communicable Diseases

    • Examples of communicable diseases include:
      • Airborne diseases (TB, measles, meningitis)
      • Water and foodborne diseases (cholera, typhoid)
      • Helmintic diseases (guinea worm, roundworm)
      • Vector-borne diseases (yellow fever, malaria)
      • Sexually transmitted diseases (HIV/AIDS)
      • Contact diseases (ringworm, Yaws)
      • Diseases transmitted by animals (rabies)
      • Other diseases (tetanus)

    Non-Communicable Diseases

    • Noncommunicable diseases can arise from environmental exposures or from genetically determined abnormalities.
    • The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified four major types of noncommunicable diseases:
      • Cancer
      • Cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart attack, stroke)
      • Chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma)
      • Diabetes mellitus
    • WHO estimates that, combined, these four groups of conditions account for 82% of all deaths from noncommunicable disease.

    Epidemiologic Terminologies

    • Host: a person or other living animal that harbors or nourishes an infectious agent under natural conditions.
    • Communicable disease: an illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or inanimate source to a susceptible host.
    • Definitive host: the primary host in which a parasite attains maturity or passes its sexual stage.
    • Secondary host: the intermediate host in which a parasite is in a larval or asexual state.
    • Transport/paratenic host: a carrier in which the organism remains alive but does not undergo development.
    • Reservoir host: any animal (species) that is infected by a parasite and which serves as a source of infection for man or other species.

    Infection and Contamination

    • Infection: the entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animals.
    • Infective dose: the quantity of the organism needed to cause clinical disease.
    • Infectiousness: indicates the relative ease with which an infectious agent is transmitted to other hosts.
    • Contamination: the presence of an infectious agent on a body surface, on or in clothes, beddings, toys, surgical instruments, or dressings, or other articles or substances including water and food.

    Infestation and Contagious Disease

    • Infestation: the lodgment, development, and reproduction of arthropods on the surface of the body or in the clothing.
    • Contagious disease: a disease that is transmitted through contact.

    Vector of Infection

    • An insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual or its wastes to a susceptible individual or its food or immediate surroundings.

    Sporadic, Nosocomial, and Opportunistic Infections

    • Sporadic disease: a disease that occurs occasionally, and the cases are few and separated widely in time and place.
    • Nosocomial infection: an infection occurring in a patient in a hospital or other healthcare facility in whom the infection was not present or incubating at the time of admission.
    • Opportunistic infection: an infection by organisms that take the opportunity provided by a defect in host defense to infect the host and thus cause disease.

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