Bowel Elimination Exam Questions

Bowel Elimination Exam Questions

• Constipation Contributing Factors: Sedentary lifestyle, lack of fiber, insufficient fluid intake are contributing factors to constipation. Regular exercise and a high-fiber diet can help prevent it.
• Fecal Impaction Nursing Action: Primary nursing action for fecal impaction is to assess and treat the underlying cause, which may involve digital removal of stool under medical supervision.
• Diarrhea Causes: Common causes include infections, food intolerances, and inflammation.
• Diarrhea Nursing Intervention: Monitor fluid intake, provide electrolytes, and prevent dehydration are crucial interventions for patients with diarrhea.
• Fecal Incontinence Cause: Impaired anal sphincter function plays a significant role in fecal incontinence, along with nerve damage or other underlying conditions.
• Bowel Elimination in Elderly: Changes in mobility and diet, medications, and underlying health conditions are common causes of constipation in elderly individuals. Aging is not a physiological cause.
• Bristol Stool Form Scale Constipation: Stool type 1 suggests constipation on the Bristol Stool Form Scale.
• Microscopic Blood in Stool Test: A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is the most common test for detecting microscopic blood in stool.
• Constipation Dietary Change: Increasing fiber intake and fluid intake aids in preventing constipation.
• Hemorrhoid Treatment Goal: Reducing inflammation and preventing bleeding are primary goals for treating hemorrhoids.

Urinary Elimination Exam Questions

• Kidney Role in Urination: Kidneys remove wastes from the blood, a crucial part of urinary elimination.
• Urinary Incontinence: Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine.
• Urinary Elimination Influencing Factors: Fluid intake, psychological factors, exercise, and general health can influence urinary elimination.
• UTI Cause: E. coli bacteria is a common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs).
• Stress Incontinence: Stress incontinence occurs due to involuntary loss of urine associated with increased intra-abdominal pressure.
• Urination Definitions: The terms urination, micturition, and voiding refer to the same process of bladder emptying.
• Normal Adult Bladder Capacity: The normal bladder capacity for adults is 300-600 mL.
• Urinary Infection Indicators: Foul-smelling urine is a potential indicator of a urinary infection.
• Cystitis Symptom: Dysuria (painful urination) is a common symptom of cystitis.
• Urgency/Nocturia Symptoms: Urinary urgency and frequent nighttime urination may indicate urge incontinence.

Immobility Exam Questions

• Immobility Psychological Effects: Depression and social isolation are prominent psychological impacts of immobility.
• Immobility Contributing Factors: Factors like length of stay, underlying medical conditions, and emotional factors can result in prolonged immobility.
• Immobility Physiological Effects: The respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and integumentary systems are affected by prolonged immobility.
• Immobility Neurological Effects: Impaired body alignment and mobility (e.g. foot drop) are potential neurological effects.
• DVT Risk: Prolonged immobility significantly increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
• Immobility Physical Changes: Immobility leads to muscle atrophy, joint contractures, and decreased bone density.
• Therapeutic Bed Rest Goal: The goal of therapeutic bed rest is to promote rest and decrease cardiac workload, not to eliminate all movement.
• Respiratory Function Maintenance: Frequent position changes and deep breathing exercises are crucial for maintaining respiratory function in immobilized patients.
• Foot Drop Concerns: A foot drop leads to impaired mobility and balance.
• Pressure Ulcer Prevention: Changing patient position frequently (e.g. every 2 hours), keeping the skin clean and dry, and increasing fluid intake, and providing high-quality nutrition are crucial for preventing pressure ulcers.

Safety Exam Questions

• Patient Safety Definition: Patient safety is defined as freedom from physical and psychological injury.
• Preventable Medical Error Deaths: The IOM report estimates 44,000-98,000 preventable medical error deaths per year in the US.
• Patient Safety Organizations: Organizations like the IOM, NQF, TJC (The Joint Commission), and AMA focus on improving patient safety.
• Never Events: Never events are adverse events that should never occur in a healthcare setting and are typically preventable.
• Culture of Safety: A culture of safety emphasizes reporting errors without fear of blame and emphasizes a commitment to patient safety.
• QSEN Goal: The QSEN project aims to prepare future nurses for safe practice.
• Patient Safety Environmental Factors: Adequate lighting, organizational strategies, and maintenance of the environment are crucial safety elements.
• Carbon Monoxide Hazard: Improperly vented furnaces or stoves can cause carbon monoxide poisoning, a significant safety hazard.
• Home Physical Hazards: Fires, falls, and exposure to poisons are significant hazards inside the home.
• Fall Prevention: Identifying and eliminating environmental hazards, encouraging safe ambulation, and appropriate interventions mitigate fall risks.

Infection Prevention and Control Exam Questions

• Infection Prevention Goal: The primary goal of infection prevention is to significantly reduce the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).
• Preventable Medical Error Deaths (again): This section repeats the previous information about estimated preventable medical error deaths.
• Common Pathogens: Pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa can cause infections.
• Infection Transmission: A 'communicable disease' describes an infection transmitted directly from one person to another.
• Chain of Infection: Breaking any link (reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, susceptible host) in the chain of infection prevents infection.
• Systemic Infection Characteristics: A systemic infection encompasses fever, increased WBC count, and effects on multiple parts of the body.
• Pathogen Transmission Reduction: Hand hygiene is the most effective method to reduce pathogen transmission in healthcare settings.
• Infection Susceptibility Factors: Age, chronic disease, and poor nutrition increase a patient's susceptibility to infection.
• Isolation Precautions: Isolation precautions like airborne, droplet, contact are necessary for patients with highly communicable illnesses.

Hygiene Exam Questions

• Hygiene Impact on Patients: Personal hygiene significantly affects patient comfort, safety, and well-being, not just financial or social status.
• Hygiene Influencing Factors: Personal preferences, cultural beliefs, and social factors can influence a person's hygiene practices.
• Hygiene Interventions: Assessing skin condition, patient education, assisting with hygiene as needed are essential components of hygiene interventions.
• Skin Functions: Protection, sensation, and regulation of temperature are vital skin functions.
• Skin Layers (not exact match): The epidermis is the outer protective layer, and the dermis is the inner supporting layer.
• Hot Water Risks: Using excessively hot water during bathing can cause skin irritation and dryness.
• Common Oral Cavity Problem: Gingivitis is a common oral cavity problem that can impair the overall oral health of patients.
• Infection Factors: Chronic disease, poor nutrition, and aging can predispose patients to infections.
• Nursing Care for Suspected Infection: Conduct a thorough patient assessment and notify the appropriate medical personnel.
• Hygiene and Infection Prevention: Regular oral care, hand washing, and maintaining skin's cleanliness promote infection prevention.