Boveri-Sutton Chromosome Theory Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What key event occurs during zygotene in meiosis?

Chromosomes condense into distinct structures.

Sister chromatids are separated.

DNA is synthesized.

Homologous chromosomes are paired closely together. (correct)

What is the result of synapsis during meiosis?

Formation of sister chromatids.

Matching up of homologous pairs to form tetrads. (correct)

Increasing the number of chromosomes in the cell.

Separation of chromosomes into new cells.

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over primarily occur?

Metaphase

Zygotene

Pachytene (correct)

Anaphase

What do chiasmata represent in the context of crossing over?

The segments that are exchanged between non-sister chromatids. Signup and view all the answers

How many sister chromatids are present in a single tetrad?

Four sister chromatids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chromosomes according to the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance?

To act as the genetic material responsible for Mendelian inheritance Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes does a typical human body cell contain?

46 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the complex reacting with tRNA?

Activated tRNA Signup and view all the answers

Which codon is always the initiating codon?

AUG Signup and view all the answers

What structure is DNA described as?

Double helix shaped molecule Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA is produced by RNA Polymerase II?

mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene responsible for?

Coding for a particular protein Signup and view all the answers

During elongation, which site does the second tRNA bind to after the P site?

A site Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to homologous chromosome pairs during meiosis?

They migrate independently as discrete structures Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a stop codon appears during translation?

The polypeptide chain is cleaved Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the random sorting of chromosomes during meiosis?

It contributes to genetic diversity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of post-translational modification?

To give the protein its final functional form Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the composition of gametes produced by each parent?

They contain half of the parent's chromosomal complement Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about the structure of tRNA is true?

tRNA contains an anticodon loop Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the relationship between Mendel's laws and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance?

The theory is consistent with Mendel's observations Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'activated tRNA' refer to?

tRNA with an amino acid bonded at its 3' end Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to Chromosome 15?

It has a stalk. Signup and view all the answers

What defines aneuploidy?

Any abnormal number of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosome is the largest in Group G?

Chromosome 22 Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosome is Chromosome 16?

Small metacentric Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosome has the least number of base pairs?

Chromosome 21 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of aneuploidy?

Nondisjunction during cell division. Signup and view all the answers

Chromosomes 17 and 18 are categorized as which type of chromosome?

Small submetacentric Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosome is known to have a stalk and is categorized as acrocentric?

Chromosome 15 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes polyploidy?

Chromosome number is higher than 46 but an exact multiple of 23 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of chromosomal banding techniques?

To visualize the number and structure of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which staining technique produces reverse patterns of G-bands?

R-banding Signup and view all the answers

Euchromatin is characterized by which of the following features?

It is enriched in genes and active in transcription Signup and view all the answers

What does G-banding reveal about chromosomes when stained with Giemsa stain?

Dark bands indicate A-T rich areas Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromatin is associated with transcriptional repression?

Heterochromatin Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about R-banding is accurate?

Dark bands are G-C rich Signup and view all the answers

What staining method is used in Q-banding?

Quinacrine stain Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Identifies chromosomes as genetic material responsible for Mendelian inheritance.
Proposes that during meiosis, homologous chromosome pairs segregate independently.
Each parent generates gametes with half of their chromosomal complement.

Chromosomes

Structures in cells containing organized strands of DNA with multiple genes.
Humans typically have 23 pairs (46 total) of chromosomes.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a double helix molecule.
Stores genetic information essential for building and maintaining organisms.

Gene

A segment of DNA located on chromosomes.
Codes for specific proteins that determine traits.

RNA Polymerase

Enzymes that synthesize different types of RNA:
- RNA Polymerase I: synthesizes rRNA.
- RNA Polymerase II: synthesizes mRNA.
- RNA Polymerase III: synthesizes tRNA.

Translation Process

Initiation: mRNA attaches to the ribosomal subunit, with the initiating codon AUG (methionine) at the P site.
Elongation: A second tRNA binds at the A site, and amino acids transfer between sites.
Termination: Polypeptide elongation stops upon encountering a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA), resulting in protein release.

Meiosis

Consists of two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II, with one chromosome replication.
Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis, forming bivalents (tetrads).

Synapsis

Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Promotes crossover and genetic variation.

Crossing Over

Exchange of genetic segments between non-sister chromatids at chiasmata during pachytene phase.

Chromosome Structures

Chromosome 15: Medium acrocentric, 100 million base pairs.
Chromosome 22: Small acrocentric, 49 million base pairs.
Group E: Includes chromosomes 16-18, primarily small acrocentric and submetacentric.
Y chromosome: Largest in Group G, 50 million base pairs.

Euploidy vs. Aneuploidy

Euploidy: Normal number of chromosomes (e.g., diploid).
Aneuploidy: Abnormal chromosome number due to nondisjunction.
- Trisomy: Extra chromosome.
- Monosomy: Missing a chromosome.

Polyploidy

Higher than normal chromosome counts, exact multiples of the haploid number.
- Triploidy (3n): 69 chromosomes.
- Tetraploidy (4n): 92 chromosomes.

Chromosome Banding

G-Banding: Staining technique that reveals alternating dark (A-T rich) and light (G-C rich) bands.
R-Banding: Reverse pattern of G-banding.
Q-Banding: Quinacrine stain produces a fluorescent pattern.

Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin

Heterochromatin: Tightly packed, low gene density, inactive transcription.
Euchromatin: Lightly packed, enriched in genes, active transcription.

Chromosomal Banding Techniques

Types include G-banding, R-banding, Q-banding, C-banding, T-banding, and NOR banding.

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Description

Test your understanding of the Boveri-Sutton Chromosome Theory and its significance in cytogenetics. This quiz covers essential terminologies and concepts related to chromosomes and Mendelian inheritance. Challenge yourself with questions that delve deep into genetic material structure and function.