Bourdon Flowmeter Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What effect does downstream resistance have on the flow registered by a Bourdon Flowmeter?

It has no effect on the flow registered.

It causes the flow registered to be higher than the actual flow. (correct)

It only affects flow under certain temperature conditions.

It causes the flow registered to be lower than the actual flow.

What distinguishes a compensated thorpe tube flowmeter from an uncompensated one?

Uncompensated flowmeters are only used with non-gaseous fluids.

Compensated flowmeters are designed for use at atmospheric pressure only.

Compensated flowmeters cannot measure high flow rates.

The position of the needle valve affects the measurement's accuracy. (correct)

Which gas delivery device reduces oxygenation of anatomical dead space during its operation?

Adjustable flow O2 delivery system

Standard nasal cannula

Demand pulse flow O2 delivery device (correct)

Continuously flowing oxygen device

What is a key feature of proportioners such as Air-Oxygen Blenders?

They mix air and O2 to precise concentrations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical flow range for standard thorpe tube flowmeters?

0-15 LPM Signup and view all the answers

Which cylinder safety feature uses variants in threading to prevent wrong equipment attachment?

American Standard Safety System (ASSS) Signup and view all the answers

What does a single-stage reducing valve reduce pressure to?

50 psi Signup and view all the answers

Which flowmeter can only accurately indicate flow at ambient pressure?

Bourdon gauge flowmeter Signup and view all the answers

What does a multistage reducing valve achieve?

Allows for higher flow and more precise pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of frangible disks in pressure release devices?

They rupture if pressure becomes too high Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the modified single-stage reducing valve compared to the single-stage reducing valve?

It has an additional spring for higher flow rates Signup and view all the answers

In terms of safety features, what does PISS utilize?

Variants in pin placement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of flowmeter mentioned?

Venturi device Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pressure of a gas when the temperature increases while the volume remains constant?

It increases. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle describes the behavior of gas flow through a tube, stating that as the velocity of gas increases, lateral pressure decreases?

Bernoulli's Principle Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gas laws, what does Boyle's Law state regarding the relationship between pressure and volume?

Pressure varies inversely with volume. Signup and view all the answers

How does gas flow generally occur in relation to pressure differences?

Flow occurs from high pressure to low pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of barometer utilizes a column of mercury to measure atmospheric pressure?

Mercury Barometer Signup and view all the answers

What does Charles's Law state about the relationship between volume and temperature?

Volume varies directly with temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Which device is commonly used to measure gas pressure in medical gas cylinders?

Bourdon Gauge Signup and view all the answers

When the volume of a gas is halved while temperature remains constant, what happens to the pressure according to Boyle's Law?

Pressure doubles. Signup and view all the answers

What influences the rate of gas flow through an opening?

Pressure difference and size of the opening Signup and view all the answers

Which principle states that a high-velocity jet injected into a stationary gas creates a reduction in pressure in the surrounding gas?

Venturi Principle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary relationship described by Boyle's Law?

Volume varies inversely with pressure Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pressure of a gas if the volume is doubled while keeping the temperature constant?

Pressure is halved Signup and view all the answers

Which device uses a high-velocity jet injected into a stationary gas to create a reduction in pressure?

Ejector Signup and view all the answers

According to Charles' Law, how does the volume of a gas respond to changes in temperature when pressure is held constant?

Volume increases as temperature increases Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the rate of gas flow through an opening?

Difference in pressure between two points Signup and view all the answers

What does Bernoulli's Principle state regarding the flow of gas through a tube?

Total energy of the flowing gas remains constant Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum psi at which most hospitals consider an oxygen tank to be empty?

500 psi Signup and view all the answers

What is the tank factor for a full E cylinder containing 22 ft3 of oxygen?

0.28 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events can occur if safety rules for cylinder use are not followed?

The tank could break through walls. Signup and view all the answers

When calculating the oxygen availability for a transport, what should be subtracted from the actual tank PSI?

500 psi for safety Signup and view all the answers

If an E cylinder currently reads 2100 psi and the patient is using 15 LPM for manual ventilation, how does this affect the calculation of oxygen duration?

Both the flow rate and return trip must be accounted for. Signup and view all the answers

What key factor influences the duration of gas flow from a tank?

A combination of tank size, gas pressure, and flow rate Signup and view all the answers

What does Dalton's Law state about a gas mixture?

The pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases. Signup and view all the answers

According to Graham's Law, how does the rate of gas diffusion through a liquid relate to gas properties?

It is directly proportional to the gas's solubility and inversely proportional to its molecular weight. Signup and view all the answers

What does Henry's Law describe in relation to gases and liquids?

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure. Signup and view all the answers

At 37°C, what is the maximum amount of water vapor that gas can hold per liter?

44 mg of H2O per L Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for ensuring that compressors provide oil-free compressed air?

Oil and oxygen can react to cause fire hazards. Signup and view all the answers

How does Fick's Law relate to gas diffusion?

The rate of diffusion increases with increased concentration gradients. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes flow from fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)?

Flow is the total volume of gas delivered, while FiO2 is the percentage of oxygen in that gas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the intended pressure regulation for compressed medical gases before use?

Reduce pressure to 50 psi. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of compressor is typically used in small nebulizers?

Diaphragm Compressor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to produce 99.5% pure oxygen?

Fractional Distillation Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective method of oxygen concentration using a molecular sieve?

Pressure Swing Adsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of bulk supply systems for oxygen regarding temperature and volume?

Liquid at -1830℃ produces 861 ft3 gas per 1 ft3 liquid Signup and view all the answers

What are the colors associated with oxygen and carbon dioxide cylinders?

Green for O2, Gray for CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended testing frequency for hydrostatic testing of gas cylinders?

Every 5 or 10 years Signup and view all the answers

What pressure should a gas system be monitored to maintain according to safety features?

50 psi Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cylinder is most commonly used in ambulances?

D-sized Cylinder Signup and view all the answers

What does a membrane enricher typically achieve regarding oxygen concentration?

40% FiO2 at 1-10 LPM Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with using a cylinder if the label and color coding do not match?

Incorrect gas delivery Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bourdon Flowmeter

Lightweight and not affected by gravity.
Flowmeter readings can be inaccurate under downstream resistance, leading to higher registered flow than actual flow.

Thorpe Tube Flowmeter

Uncompensated: Needle valve is proximal to the tube, causing back pressure to lower actual flow readings.
Compensated: Needle valve is distal, eliminating back pressure effects; ball position indicates flow accurately when connected to a gas source.

Flowmeter Ranges

Common flowmeter range: 0-15 LPM.
Low-range (0-3 LPM) used for pediatric/neonatal patients and COPD.
High-range (0-75 LPM) applicable for CPAP and Vapotherm®.

Medical Gas Supply Equipment

Proportioners mix air and oxygen to specific concentrations, operate at 50 psi and include built-in alarms for gas pressure detection.
Demand Pulse Flow O2 Delivery Devices only deliver oxygen during inspiration, reducing dead space oxygenation and lacking humidity requirement.

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Gases consist of discrete, randomly moving molecules with elastic collisions.
Molecular activity is influenced by temperature; no physical attraction exists between gas molecules.

Gas Pressure

Defined as the force exerted per unit area, caused by molecular collisions.
Temperature impacts the velocity of gas molecules via kinetic energy.

Pascal’s Law

Pressure in a fluid container is transmitted equally in all directions and to its container walls.

Measurement of Gas Pressure

Mercury Barometer: employs mercury column to measure atmospheric pressure.
Aneroid Barometer: utilizes an evacuated metal container with a spring and pointer.
Mechanical Manometer: similar to an aneroid barometer, uses diaphragm or evacuated containers.

Bourdon Gauge

Composed of a hollow coiled metal tube with an elliptical cross-section.
Typically found on medical gas cylinders for pressure measurement.

Gas Flow Principles

Flow results from pressure differences between two points; rate of flow depends on pressure difference and opening size.

Bernoulli’s Principle

As gas velocity through a tube increases, lateral pressure decreases while total energy remains constant.

Viscous Shearing and Ejectors

Viscous shearing occurs when a high-velocity jet is injected into stationary gas.
Ejectors utilize nozzles, viscous shearing, and vorticity to enhance flow.

Venturi’s Principle

Builds upon Bernoulli’s principle; describes changes in pressure in a constricted flow tube.

Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law: At constant temperature, volume inversely varies with pressure (P1V1=P2V2).
Charles’ Law: At constant pressure, volume directly varies with absolute temperature (V1/T1=V2/T2).
Gay-Lussac’s Law: At constant volume, pressure varies directly with temperature (P1/T1=P2/T2).
Combined Gas Law: Integrates Boyle’s and Charles’ laws for varying conditions.

Cylinder Valve Safety Features

American Standard Safety System (ASSS): Prevents incorrect equipment attachment via different threading on larger cylinders.
Pin Index Safety System (PISS): Prevents incorrect assembly by using pin placements on smaller cylinders.

Reducing Valves

Single-stage: Reduces pressure to 50 psi in one step with opposing spring and gas pressure.
Modified single-stage: Includes an additional spring for higher flow rates.
Multistage: Combines multiple stages for more precise pressure control.

Regulators

Combine reducing valves with flowmeters; can be Bourdon-type or Thorpe tube models.
Safety features include pressure relief valves and Indexed inlets/outlets based on ASSS or PISS systems.

Medical Gas Supply Equipment

Gases consist of molecules in random motion; collisions among them are elastic with no attraction.
Gas pressure is defined as force per unit area, resulting from molecular collisions with container walls.
Temperature affects gas molecular velocity through kinetic energy.

Key Principles of Gas Behavior

Pascal's Law states pressure in a fluid is distributed equally in all directions within a container.
Mercury barometers measure atmospheric pressure using a column of mercury.
Aneroid barometers use a spring-driven evacuated metal container to measure pressure.
Bourdon gauges measure gas pressure using a hollow coiled metal tube.

Gas Flow and Principles

Gas flow is driven by pressure differences between two points.
Bernoulli’s Principle highlights that as gas velocity increases, lateral pressure decreases.
Venturi’s Principle, based on Bernoulli, describes gas flow through tubes with varying radii.

Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law: With constant temperature, volume varies inversely with pressure (P1V1 = P2V2).
Charles’ Law: With constant pressure, volume varies directly with temperature (V1/T1 = V2/T2).
Gay-Lussac’s Law: With constant volume, pressure varies directly with temperature (P1/T1 = P2/T2).
Dalton’s Law: Total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases.

Gas Diffusion

Fick’s Law states the diffusion rate of gas is proportional to its concentration gradient.
Henry’s Law describes how gas diffuses into liquid proportional to its partial pressure.
Graham’s Law indicates the diffusion rate through liquid is influenced by gas solubility and molecular weight.

Water Content in Gas

At 37°C, gas can hold 44 mg of water per liter; water vapor pressure at 1 atm is 47 mmHg.

Flow and FiO2

Flow (Lpm) and Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) represent different concepts: flow measures velocity, whereas FiO2 measures oxygen percentage in gas mixture.

Compressors

Compressors deliver oil-free compressed air mixed with oxygen, with pressure reduced to 50 psi.
Types include piston, diaphragm, and centrifugal compressors.

Oxygen Production and Concentrators

Fractional distillation produces 99.5% pure oxygen by separating air based on boiling points.
Concentrators utilize molecular sieves or semipermeable membranes for oxygen enrichment.

Liquid Reservoir Systems

Bulk systems store liquid oxygen at -183°C, converting to gas for medical use.
Portable reservoirs have duration and capacity based on liquid weight and oxygen content.

Piping Systems and Safety

Piping systems for medical gases must have safety features like alarms and pressure sensors to maintain continuous supply and avoid danger.
Cylinder valves exist in direct acting and diaphragm types, depending on design.

Cylinder Specifications

Common cylinder sizes include H (244 ft³ O2), E (22 ft³ O2), with D being the most used in ambulances.
Color coding helps identify contents (e.g., O2 = green, CO2 = gray).

Safety Regulations

Regular hydrostatic testing ensures cylinder integrity, typically every 5 or 10 years.
Adherence to safety rules avoids accidents, highlighted by the danger posed by improperly managed cylinders.

Duration of Gas Flow Calculation

Duration of flow depends on cylinder size, pressure, and needed flow rate; safety factors should be applied by considering a reserve of 500 psi.

Oxygen Regulation Devices

Bourdon flowmeters measure gas flow accurately under normal conditions, with compensated types unaffected by back pressure.
Low-range flowmeters (0-3 L/min) are suitable for pediatrics and COPD, while high-range (0-75 L/min) is for CPAP and Vapotherm® devices.

Demand Pulse Flow O2 Devices

These devices deliver oxygen only during inspiration, optimizing oxygen use and minimizing wastage in anatomical dead space.

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Description

Test your knowledge of Bourdon flowmeters and their operation. This quiz covers the concepts of flow measurement and the effects of resistance on flow readings. Perfect for students learning about fluid dynamics and measurement instruments!