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Questions and Answers
What effect does downstream resistance have on the flow registered by a Bourdon Flowmeter?
What effect does downstream resistance have on the flow registered by a Bourdon Flowmeter?
What distinguishes a compensated thorpe tube flowmeter from an uncompensated one?
What distinguishes a compensated thorpe tube flowmeter from an uncompensated one?
Which gas delivery device reduces oxygenation of anatomical dead space during its operation?
Which gas delivery device reduces oxygenation of anatomical dead space during its operation?
What is a key feature of proportioners such as Air-Oxygen Blenders?
What is a key feature of proportioners such as Air-Oxygen Blenders?
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What is the typical flow range for standard thorpe tube flowmeters?
What is the typical flow range for standard thorpe tube flowmeters?
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Which cylinder safety feature uses variants in threading to prevent wrong equipment attachment?
Which cylinder safety feature uses variants in threading to prevent wrong equipment attachment?
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What does a single-stage reducing valve reduce pressure to?
What does a single-stage reducing valve reduce pressure to?
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Which flowmeter can only accurately indicate flow at ambient pressure?
Which flowmeter can only accurately indicate flow at ambient pressure?
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What does a multistage reducing valve achieve?
What does a multistage reducing valve achieve?
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What is the main function of frangible disks in pressure release devices?
What is the main function of frangible disks in pressure release devices?
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What characterizes the modified single-stage reducing valve compared to the single-stage reducing valve?
What characterizes the modified single-stage reducing valve compared to the single-stage reducing valve?
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In terms of safety features, what does PISS utilize?
In terms of safety features, what does PISS utilize?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of flowmeter mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of flowmeter mentioned?
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What happens to the pressure of a gas when the temperature increases while the volume remains constant?
What happens to the pressure of a gas when the temperature increases while the volume remains constant?
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Which principle describes the behavior of gas flow through a tube, stating that as the velocity of gas increases, lateral pressure decreases?
Which principle describes the behavior of gas flow through a tube, stating that as the velocity of gas increases, lateral pressure decreases?
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In the context of gas laws, what does Boyle's Law state regarding the relationship between pressure and volume?
In the context of gas laws, what does Boyle's Law state regarding the relationship between pressure and volume?
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How does gas flow generally occur in relation to pressure differences?
How does gas flow generally occur in relation to pressure differences?
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Which type of barometer utilizes a column of mercury to measure atmospheric pressure?
Which type of barometer utilizes a column of mercury to measure atmospheric pressure?
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What does Charles's Law state about the relationship between volume and temperature?
What does Charles's Law state about the relationship between volume and temperature?
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Which device is commonly used to measure gas pressure in medical gas cylinders?
Which device is commonly used to measure gas pressure in medical gas cylinders?
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When the volume of a gas is halved while temperature remains constant, what happens to the pressure according to Boyle's Law?
When the volume of a gas is halved while temperature remains constant, what happens to the pressure according to Boyle's Law?
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What influences the rate of gas flow through an opening?
What influences the rate of gas flow through an opening?
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Which principle states that a high-velocity jet injected into a stationary gas creates a reduction in pressure in the surrounding gas?
Which principle states that a high-velocity jet injected into a stationary gas creates a reduction in pressure in the surrounding gas?
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What is the primary relationship described by Boyle's Law?
What is the primary relationship described by Boyle's Law?
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What happens to the pressure of a gas if the volume is doubled while keeping the temperature constant?
What happens to the pressure of a gas if the volume is doubled while keeping the temperature constant?
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Which device uses a high-velocity jet injected into a stationary gas to create a reduction in pressure?
Which device uses a high-velocity jet injected into a stationary gas to create a reduction in pressure?
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According to Charles' Law, how does the volume of a gas respond to changes in temperature when pressure is held constant?
According to Charles' Law, how does the volume of a gas respond to changes in temperature when pressure is held constant?
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What primarily influences the rate of gas flow through an opening?
What primarily influences the rate of gas flow through an opening?
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What does Bernoulli's Principle state regarding the flow of gas through a tube?
What does Bernoulli's Principle state regarding the flow of gas through a tube?
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What is the minimum psi at which most hospitals consider an oxygen tank to be empty?
What is the minimum psi at which most hospitals consider an oxygen tank to be empty?
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What is the tank factor for a full E cylinder containing 22 ft3 of oxygen?
What is the tank factor for a full E cylinder containing 22 ft3 of oxygen?
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Which of the following events can occur if safety rules for cylinder use are not followed?
Which of the following events can occur if safety rules for cylinder use are not followed?
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When calculating the oxygen availability for a transport, what should be subtracted from the actual tank PSI?
When calculating the oxygen availability for a transport, what should be subtracted from the actual tank PSI?
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If an E cylinder currently reads 2100 psi and the patient is using 15 LPM for manual ventilation, how does this affect the calculation of oxygen duration?
If an E cylinder currently reads 2100 psi and the patient is using 15 LPM for manual ventilation, how does this affect the calculation of oxygen duration?
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What key factor influences the duration of gas flow from a tank?
What key factor influences the duration of gas flow from a tank?
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What does Dalton's Law state about a gas mixture?
What does Dalton's Law state about a gas mixture?
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According to Graham's Law, how does the rate of gas diffusion through a liquid relate to gas properties?
According to Graham's Law, how does the rate of gas diffusion through a liquid relate to gas properties?
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What does Henry's Law describe in relation to gases and liquids?
What does Henry's Law describe in relation to gases and liquids?
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At 37°C, what is the maximum amount of water vapor that gas can hold per liter?
At 37°C, what is the maximum amount of water vapor that gas can hold per liter?
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What is the primary reason for ensuring that compressors provide oil-free compressed air?
What is the primary reason for ensuring that compressors provide oil-free compressed air?
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How does Fick's Law relate to gas diffusion?
How does Fick's Law relate to gas diffusion?
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What distinguishes flow from fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)?
What distinguishes flow from fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)?
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What is the intended pressure regulation for compressed medical gases before use?
What is the intended pressure regulation for compressed medical gases before use?
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Which type of compressor is typically used in small nebulizers?
Which type of compressor is typically used in small nebulizers?
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What is the primary method used to produce 99.5% pure oxygen?
What is the primary method used to produce 99.5% pure oxygen?
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What is the most effective method of oxygen concentration using a molecular sieve?
What is the most effective method of oxygen concentration using a molecular sieve?
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What is a characteristic of bulk supply systems for oxygen regarding temperature and volume?
What is a characteristic of bulk supply systems for oxygen regarding temperature and volume?
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What are the colors associated with oxygen and carbon dioxide cylinders?
What are the colors associated with oxygen and carbon dioxide cylinders?
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What is the recommended testing frequency for hydrostatic testing of gas cylinders?
What is the recommended testing frequency for hydrostatic testing of gas cylinders?
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What pressure should a gas system be monitored to maintain according to safety features?
What pressure should a gas system be monitored to maintain according to safety features?
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Which type of cylinder is most commonly used in ambulances?
Which type of cylinder is most commonly used in ambulances?
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What does a membrane enricher typically achieve regarding oxygen concentration?
What does a membrane enricher typically achieve regarding oxygen concentration?
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What is the primary risk associated with using a cylinder if the label and color coding do not match?
What is the primary risk associated with using a cylinder if the label and color coding do not match?
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Study Notes
Bourdon Flowmeter
- Lightweight and not affected by gravity.
- Flowmeter readings can be inaccurate under downstream resistance, leading to higher registered flow than actual flow.
Thorpe Tube Flowmeter
- Uncompensated: Needle valve is proximal to the tube, causing back pressure to lower actual flow readings.
- Compensated: Needle valve is distal, eliminating back pressure effects; ball position indicates flow accurately when connected to a gas source.
Flowmeter Ranges
- Common flowmeter range: 0-15 LPM.
- Low-range (0-3 LPM) used for pediatric/neonatal patients and COPD.
- High-range (0-75 LPM) applicable for CPAP and Vapotherm®.
Medical Gas Supply Equipment
- Proportioners mix air and oxygen to specific concentrations, operate at 50 psi and include built-in alarms for gas pressure detection.
- Demand Pulse Flow O2 Delivery Devices only deliver oxygen during inspiration, reducing dead space oxygenation and lacking humidity requirement.
Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Gases consist of discrete, randomly moving molecules with elastic collisions.
- Molecular activity is influenced by temperature; no physical attraction exists between gas molecules.
Gas Pressure
- Defined as the force exerted per unit area, caused by molecular collisions.
- Temperature impacts the velocity of gas molecules via kinetic energy.
Pascal’s Law
- Pressure in a fluid container is transmitted equally in all directions and to its container walls.
Measurement of Gas Pressure
- Mercury Barometer: employs mercury column to measure atmospheric pressure.
- Aneroid Barometer: utilizes an evacuated metal container with a spring and pointer.
- Mechanical Manometer: similar to an aneroid barometer, uses diaphragm or evacuated containers.
Bourdon Gauge
- Composed of a hollow coiled metal tube with an elliptical cross-section.
- Typically found on medical gas cylinders for pressure measurement.
Gas Flow Principles
- Flow results from pressure differences between two points; rate of flow depends on pressure difference and opening size.
Bernoulli’s Principle
- As gas velocity through a tube increases, lateral pressure decreases while total energy remains constant.
Viscous Shearing and Ejectors
- Viscous shearing occurs when a high-velocity jet is injected into stationary gas.
- Ejectors utilize nozzles, viscous shearing, and vorticity to enhance flow.
Venturi’s Principle
- Builds upon Bernoulli’s principle; describes changes in pressure in a constricted flow tube.
Gas Laws
- Boyle’s Law: At constant temperature, volume inversely varies with pressure (P1V1=P2V2).
- Charles’ Law: At constant pressure, volume directly varies with absolute temperature (V1/T1=V2/T2).
- Gay-Lussac’s Law: At constant volume, pressure varies directly with temperature (P1/T1=P2/T2).
- Combined Gas Law: Integrates Boyle’s and Charles’ laws for varying conditions.
Cylinder Valve Safety Features
- American Standard Safety System (ASSS): Prevents incorrect equipment attachment via different threading on larger cylinders.
- Pin Index Safety System (PISS): Prevents incorrect assembly by using pin placements on smaller cylinders.
Reducing Valves
- Single-stage: Reduces pressure to 50 psi in one step with opposing spring and gas pressure.
- Modified single-stage: Includes an additional spring for higher flow rates.
- Multistage: Combines multiple stages for more precise pressure control.
Regulators
- Combine reducing valves with flowmeters; can be Bourdon-type or Thorpe tube models.
- Safety features include pressure relief valves and Indexed inlets/outlets based on ASSS or PISS systems.
Medical Gas Supply Equipment
- Gases consist of molecules in random motion; collisions among them are elastic with no attraction.
- Gas pressure is defined as force per unit area, resulting from molecular collisions with container walls.
- Temperature affects gas molecular velocity through kinetic energy.
Key Principles of Gas Behavior
- Pascal's Law states pressure in a fluid is distributed equally in all directions within a container.
- Mercury barometers measure atmospheric pressure using a column of mercury.
- Aneroid barometers use a spring-driven evacuated metal container to measure pressure.
- Bourdon gauges measure gas pressure using a hollow coiled metal tube.
Gas Flow and Principles
- Gas flow is driven by pressure differences between two points.
- Bernoulli’s Principle highlights that as gas velocity increases, lateral pressure decreases.
- Venturi’s Principle, based on Bernoulli, describes gas flow through tubes with varying radii.
Gas Laws
- Boyle’s Law: With constant temperature, volume varies inversely with pressure (P1V1 = P2V2).
- Charles’ Law: With constant pressure, volume varies directly with temperature (V1/T1 = V2/T2).
- Gay-Lussac’s Law: With constant volume, pressure varies directly with temperature (P1/T1 = P2/T2).
- Dalton’s Law: Total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases.
Gas Diffusion
- Fick’s Law states the diffusion rate of gas is proportional to its concentration gradient.
- Henry’s Law describes how gas diffuses into liquid proportional to its partial pressure.
- Graham’s Law indicates the diffusion rate through liquid is influenced by gas solubility and molecular weight.
Water Content in Gas
- At 37°C, gas can hold 44 mg of water per liter; water vapor pressure at 1 atm is 47 mmHg.
Flow and FiO2
- Flow (Lpm) and Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) represent different concepts: flow measures velocity, whereas FiO2 measures oxygen percentage in gas mixture.
Compressors
- Compressors deliver oil-free compressed air mixed with oxygen, with pressure reduced to 50 psi.
- Types include piston, diaphragm, and centrifugal compressors.
Oxygen Production and Concentrators
- Fractional distillation produces 99.5% pure oxygen by separating air based on boiling points.
- Concentrators utilize molecular sieves or semipermeable membranes for oxygen enrichment.
Liquid Reservoir Systems
- Bulk systems store liquid oxygen at -183°C, converting to gas for medical use.
- Portable reservoirs have duration and capacity based on liquid weight and oxygen content.
Piping Systems and Safety
- Piping systems for medical gases must have safety features like alarms and pressure sensors to maintain continuous supply and avoid danger.
- Cylinder valves exist in direct acting and diaphragm types, depending on design.
Cylinder Specifications
- Common cylinder sizes include H (244 ft³ O2), E (22 ft³ O2), with D being the most used in ambulances.
- Color coding helps identify contents (e.g., O2 = green, CO2 = gray).
Safety Regulations
- Regular hydrostatic testing ensures cylinder integrity, typically every 5 or 10 years.
- Adherence to safety rules avoids accidents, highlighted by the danger posed by improperly managed cylinders.
Duration of Gas Flow Calculation
- Duration of flow depends on cylinder size, pressure, and needed flow rate; safety factors should be applied by considering a reserve of 500 psi.
Oxygen Regulation Devices
- Bourdon flowmeters measure gas flow accurately under normal conditions, with compensated types unaffected by back pressure.
- Low-range flowmeters (0-3 L/min) are suitable for pediatrics and COPD, while high-range (0-75 L/min) is for CPAP and Vapotherm® devices.
Demand Pulse Flow O2 Devices
- These devices deliver oxygen only during inspiration, optimizing oxygen use and minimizing wastage in anatomical dead space.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Bourdon flowmeters and their operation. This quiz covers the concepts of flow measurement and the effects of resistance on flow readings. Perfect for students learning about fluid dynamics and measurement instruments!
