Botrytis cinerea Species Complex

30 Questions

Trichoderma based products such as Trianum PTM are widely used for managing Botrytis diseases.

True

Integrated biological control technique involves combining different biological control agents for disease control.

True

The adoption and widespread use of biofungicides will result in an increase in fungicide residue on food.

False

Residues of microbial pesticides are more harmful to living organisms and the environment compared to synthetic fungicides.

False

Biofungicides can be used in combination with synthetic fungicides to reduce the use of synthetic fungicides for improved disease control.

True

The potential reduction of synthetic fungicide usage through biofungicides application is mentioned in the text.

True

Biofungicides are generally more effective than synthetic fungicides in controlling B. cinerea

False

The regulatory procedures for biopesticides are less stringent compared to biofer-tilisers and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

False

Obtaining required information for biopesticide registration is costly and can deter companies from commercializing biopesticides

True

The cost for registration processes for biofungicides is favorable for small and medium-sized firms

False

The combination of biofungicides with a different mode of action is not likely to achieve the best success in disease control

False

There has been variability in the field efficacy of biofungicides, especially when used as a stand-alone treatment

True

Biofungicides are generally more expensive than synthetic fungicides, helping to reduce production costs.

False

Challenges in biofungicide development include standardized extraction methods for natural products.

True

Biofungicides can be used in areas where chemical fungicides are banned, such as recreational, urban, lake and stream, and school areas.

True

Product formulation and inoculum concentration are not critical challenges for biofungicides.

False

Developing a product for a multi-host pathogen like B. cinerea is not a challenge.

False

Culture conditions and age of conidia production have no effect on the viability and activity of biocontrol agents.

False

True or false: B. cinerea is active in a narrower temperature range than most BCAs?

False

True or false: Higher doses of UV radiation can enhance the existence and sporulation of some BCAs?

False

True or false: Synthetic fungicides are always a cheaper alternative to natural compounds for disease control?

False

True or false: BCAs are curative and do not require extensive knowledge of B. cinerea's biology for optimal application?

False

True or false: The challenges of developing a biocontrol product do not vary between field and greenhouse applications?

False

True or false: BCAs must demonstrate good efficacy against B. cinerea under various conditions to be successful?

True

Biocontrol agents such as Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium oligandrum penetrate their host plants completely, while Trichoderma does not penetrate the plant at all.

False

Combining different biocontrol agents is more likely to result in synergistic interactions than antagonistic interactions.

False

The sensitivity/aggressiveness of B. cinerea to antimicrobial compounds and BCAs does not vary across different isolates.

False

Plant-based compounds act similarly to synthetic fungicides and cannot help improve the efficacy of biofungicides.

False

Identifying specific BCAs that will interact positively with a given host is not important for B. cinerea control.

False

Biocontrol products, especially phytochemicals, are more persistent and less biodegradable compared to synthetic fungicides.

False

Study Notes

Biocontrol agents (BCAs) such as Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium oligandrum have been found to penetrate their host plants, while Trichoderma partially penetrates the first few layers of the plant epidermis and outer cortex.
The interaction between BCAs and their host plant can influence their performance against B. cinerea. Deep penetration of Fusarium oxysporum and P. oligandrum in tomatoes elicited plant defense reactions that killed the fungi.
Different plants interact with microbes differently, so identifying specific BCAs that will interact positively with a given host is important for B. cinerea control.
Plant extracts and natural compounds act similarly to synthetic fungicides and can help improve the efficacy of biofungicides.
The sensitivity/aggressiveness of B. cinerea to antimicrobial compounds and BCAs can vary. A wide range of sensitivity to pyrrolnitrin has been reported in B. cinerea isolates, raising concerns of resistance development.
Different B. cinerea isolates have shown varying susceptibility to BCAs such as Streptomyces spp. and B. subtilis QST713, and the protective efficacy of BCAs can depend on the strain of B. cinerea and the type of BCAs under different conditions.
Factors contributing to the inconsistency of biological control programs include the diversity of B. cinerea populations, environmental conditions, and compatibility issues between BCAs and synthetic fungicides or other production system components.
Combination of different BCAs or low levels of low-risk fungicides can help improve B. cinerea control.
C. rosea is compatible with Switch® but toxic to Pristine® when applied at the recommended field rate. T. atroviride C52 is compatible with Pristine® when applied at twice the recommended field rate.
In combining BCAs, antagonistic interactions are more likely to occur than synergistic interactions, so compatibility information is important for developing feasible disease management strategies.
Biocontrol products, especially phytochemicals, are less persistent and biodegradable compared to synthetic fungicides, so proper application is crucial for disease control success.
The nature of the interaction between BCAs and their host plant can influence their performance against B. cinerea. For example, deep penetration of Fusarium oxysporum and P. oligandrum in tomatoes elicited plant defense reactions that killed the fungi.
Different plants interact with microbes differently, so identifying specific BCAs that will interact positively with a given host is important for B. cinerea control.
Plant-based compounds act as protectant or systemic fungicides and can help improve the efficacy of biofungicides.
The sensitivity/aggressiveness of B. cinerea to antimicrobial compounds and BCAs can vary. Some B. cinerea isolates have reduced sensitivity to pyrrolnitrin and to certain BCAs, raising concerns of resistance development.
Several factors contribute to the inconsistency of biological control programs, including the diversity of B. cinerea populations, environmental conditions, and compatibility issues between BCAs and synthetic fungicides or other production system components.
A combination of different agents and/or low levels of low-risk fungicides can help improve B. cinerea control.
The protective efficacy of biocontrol agents can depend on the strain of B. cinerea and the type of BCAs under different conditions. For example, the level of aggressiveness of B. cinerea was observed to be significantly correlated to the level of protection conferred by Microdochium dimerum on tomato.
Knowledge of the compatibility of biofungicides with synthetic fungicides and other production system components is important for developing feasible disease management strategies. For example, C. rosea is compatible with Switch® but toxic to Pristine® when applied at the recommended field rate. T. atroviride C52 is compatible with Pristine® when applied at twice the recommended field rate.
Combination of biocontrol agents is encouraged, but both theoretical and experimental studies have indicated that antagonistic interactions among the agents are likely to occur than synergistic interactions.
The method, time, and area of application of biocontrol products can easily lead to disease control failure if not properly understood, as they are less persistent and biodegradable compared to synthetic fungicides.
The interaction between biocontrol agents and the same host can differ significantly, which may contribute significantly towards disease control.
It is important to identify specific BCAs that will interact positively with a given host as B. cinerea is a multi-host-pathogen.
A lack of compatibility knowledge of biofungicides may contribute to failure of biocontrol systems.
Biological control products, especially phytochemicals, are less persistent and biodegradable compared to synthetic fungicides.
Interaction between biological control agents and its host can influence its performance against B. cinerea.
Plants interact with microbes in different ways, so it is important to identify specific BCAs that will interact positively with a given host for B. cinerea control.
Plant extracts and natural compounds act similarly as synthetic fungicides and can help improve the efficacy of biofungicides.
Variation in the sensitivity/aggressiveness of B. cinerea to antimicrobial compounds and BCAs can impact the loss of efficacy of biofungicides. For example, a wide range of sensitivity to pyrrolnitrin has been reported in B. cinerea isolates, raising concerns of resistance development.
Several factors, such as environmental conditions and compatibility issues between BCAs and synthetic fungicides or other production system components, can contribute to the inconsistency of biological control programs.
A combination of different agents and/or low levels of low-risk fungicides can help improve B. cinerea control.
Unlike BCAs interaction with their host plant, plant extracts and natural compounds act similarly as synthetic fungicides.
The protective efficacy of biocontrol agents can depend on the strain of B. cinerea and the type of BCAs under different conditions.
Different plants interact with microbes in different ways, so it is important to identify specific BCAs that will interact positively with a given host for B. cinerea control.
Plant-based compounds usually act as protectant or systemic fungicides, which is less likely to be affected by the host plant, and can help improve the efficacy of biofungicides.
The sensitivity/aggressiveness of B. cinerea to antimicrobial compounds and BCAs can impact their effectiveness, as some isolates have reduced sensitivity to pyrrolnitrin and to certain BCAs.
Knowledge of the compatibility of biofungicides with synthetic fungicides and other production system components is important for developing feasible disease management strategies. For example, C. rosea is compatible with Switch® but toxic to Pristine® when applied at the recommended field rate. T. atroviride C52 is compatible with Pristine® when applied at twice the recommended field rate.
The method, time, and area of application of biocontrol products can impact their success, as they are less persistent and biodegradable compared to synthetic fungicides.
Antagonistic interactions are more likely to occur than synergistic interactions when combining BCAs.
The protective efficacy of biocontrol agents can vary depending on the strain of B. cinerea and the type of BCAs under different conditions.
Plant-based natural compounds can help improve the efficacy of biofungicides.
The sensitivity/aggressiveness of B. cinerea to antimicrobial compounds and BCAs can impact their effectiveness, as some isolates have reduced sensitivity to pyrrolnitrin and to certain BCAs.
Identifying specific BCAs that will interact positively with a given host is important for B. cinerea control, as it is a multi-host-pathogen.
Combination of different agents and/or low levels of low-risk fungicides can help improve B. cinerea control.
The nature of the interaction between biocontrol agents and their host can impact their performance against B. cinerea.
The protective efficacy of biocontrol agents can depend on the strain of B. cinerea and the type of BCAs under different conditions.
Different plants interact with microbes in different ways, so it is important to identify specific BCAs that will interact positively with a given host for B. cinerea control.
The sensitivity/aggressiveness of B. cinere

Learn about the morphological variability and geographical challenges of the Botrytis cinerea species complex, and how it interacts with biocontrol products and hosts. Understand the difficulties in developing effective products that work across different geographical locations and hosts.

Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards

Convert your notes into interactive study material.