Botany Chapter: Plant Epidermal Tissues
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cuticle in the epidermis?

  • Providing structural support
  • Preventing water loss (correct)
  • Regulating gas exchange
  • Absorbing water and minerals

Which components make up the stomatal apparatus?

  • Stomatal pore, guard cells, and subsidiary cells (correct)
  • Stomatal pore and cuticle
  • Trichomes and guard cells
  • Epidermal cells and root hairs

What type of cells primarily compose the epidermis?

  • Sclerenchymatous cells
  • Collenchymatous cells
  • Xylem vessel cells
  • Parenchymatous cells (correct)

What is the role of guard cells in the stomata?

<p>To regulate the opening and closing of the stomatal pore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the cuticle is correct?

<p>It prevents excessive transpiration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hairs are root hairs classified as?

<p>Unicellular elongations of the epidermal cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In grasses, what is the shape of the guard cells?

<p>Dumb-bell shaped (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue systems does the epidermal tissue system belong to?

<p>Dermal tissue system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes permanent tissues in plants?

<p>They consist of either similar or different types of cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a simple tissue in plants?

<p>Phloem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of parenchyma in plants?

<p>Photosynthesis, storage, and secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of collenchyma cells?

<p>They have thickened corners and thin walls. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of simple tissue is primarily involved in storage?

<p>Parenchyma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of parenchyma cell walls?

<p>Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do complex tissues differ from simple tissues in plants?

<p>Complex tissues consist of multiple types of cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about parenchyma cells is accurate?

<p>They can be found tightly packed with little intercellular space. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of xylem in plants?

<p>Conduct water and minerals from roots to other parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components of xylem lacks protoplasm?

<p>Both B and C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of xylem is formed first during plant development?

<p>Protoxylem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are vessel members in angiosperms connected?

<p>Via perforations in common walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinguishing feature of gymnosperms compared to angiosperms regarding xylem?

<p>Absence of vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which arrangement of primary xylem does protoxylem lie towards the center of the organ?

<p>Endarch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of xylem parenchyma?

<p>Store food materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of xylem?

<p>Phloem parenchyma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is common to collenchymatous cells?

<p>They contain chloroplasts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant tissue is primarily responsible for providing mechanical support?

<p>Sclerenchyma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes sclerenchyma cells?

<p>They typically have few or numerous pits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sclerenchyma cell is elongated and pointed?

<p>Fibres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the plant would you most likely find sclereids?

<p>In the walls of fruit and seeds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of complex tissues in plants?

<p>Xylem and phloem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding parenchyma cells?

<p>They are involved in food storage and assimilation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pericycle in monocotyledonous roots?

<p>Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the pith in dicotyledonous roots?

<p>It is small or inconspicuous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many xylem bundles are typically present in monocotyledonous roots?

<p>More than six (polyarch) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tissue lies between the xylem and phloem?

<p>Conjunctive tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of monocotyledonous roots compared to dicotyledonous roots?

<p>Higher number of vascular bundles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer serves as the outermost protective layer of a dicotyledonous stem?

<p>Epidermis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the stele consist of in a root?

<p>All tissues inside the endodermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the anatomy of a monocot root?

<p>Vascular cambium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cells cut off towards the inner side of the cambial ring?

<p>They mature into secondary xylem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes spring wood from autumn wood?

<p>Spring wood is lighter in color with wider vessels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cambial ring in plants?

<p>It produces new cells for secondary growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the formation of secondary medullary rays indicate?

<p>Occurrence of parenchyma within xylem and phloem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the primary phloem getting crushed over time?

<p>Continuous formation of secondary xylem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances contribute to the dark coloration of heartwood?

<p>Tannins, resins, and oils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can annual rings be used to determine the age of a tree?

<p>By counting the number of rings present. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional difference exists between sapwood and heartwood?

<p>Sapwood transports water, while heartwood mainly provides structural support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Simple tissue

A type of plant tissue made up of only one type of cell.

Complex tissue

A type of plant tissue made up of many different types of cells.

Parenchyma

A type of simple tissue that makes up the majority of plant organs, its cells are often round and have thin walls.

Parenchyma cell walls

The parenchyma's cells are thin and composed of cellulose.

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Parenchyma functions

Parenchyma can perform functions like photosynthesis, storage, and secretion.

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Collenchyma

A type of simple tissue found beneath the epidermis, its cells have thickened corners, providing support.

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Collenchyma cell wall

Collenchyma cells are thickened at the corners with cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.

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Collenchyma location

Collenchyma is often found in dicotyledonous plants.

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What is xylem?

A type of vascular tissue in plants that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves.

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What are tracheids?

Elongated cells with thick, lignified walls and tapering ends. They are dead and lack protoplasm. They are responsible for water transportation.

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What are vessels?

Long, cylindrical tubes formed by many cells called vessel members. Each vessel member has lignified walls and a large central cavity. They are dead cells and are interconnected by perforations in their common walls.

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What are xylem fibers?

Highly thickened walls and obliterated central lumens. They provide structural support to the plant. They can be septate or aseptate.

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What is xylem parenchyma?

Living cells with thin walls, composed of cellulose. They store food materials like starch, fats, and other substances.

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What is protoxylem?

The first formed primary xylem.

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What is metaxylem?

The later formed primary xylem.

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What is endarch xylem?

The arrangement of primary xylem in stems, where the protoxylem is towards the center (pith) and the metaxylem is towards the periphery.

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Sclerenchyma

A type of simple plant tissue composed of elongated, narrow cells with thick, lignified cell walls. These cells are often dead and lack protoplasts. They provide structural support to plants.

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Fibres

Sclerenchyma cells that are long, narrow, and often found in groups. They provide strength and flexibility to plant tissues.

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Sclereids

Sclerenchyma cells that are short and variable in shape, often spherical or oval. They are commonly found in fruit walls, seed coats, and leaves, adding rigidity.

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Lignified cell walls

Thickened cell walls in sclerenchyma cells that contain lignin, a complex organic polymer that provides strength and rigidity.

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Vascular Tissue

A type of complex tissue found in plants, composed of two primary cell types: xylem and phloem.

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Xylem

A type of vascular tissue responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

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Phloem

A type of vascular tissue responsible for transporting sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant.

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Lumen

The empty space inside a cell, surrounded by the cell wall. In sclerenchyma cells, it is often narrow due to the thick cell wall.

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Epidermis

The outermost layer of the plant body, covering roots, stems, and leaves. It forms a protective barrier and regulates gas exchange.

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Stomata

Specialized cells that form pores in the epidermis, allowing for gas exchange and transpiration.

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Guard Cells

Bean-shaped cells surrounding the stomatal pore, responsible for opening and closing the stomata.

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Cuticle

A waxy coating on the epidermis that prevents water loss. It's NOT present in roots.

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Root Hairs

Hair-like structures on the epidermis, especially abundant on roots where they absorb water and minerals.

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Trichomes

Hair-like structures on the stem, providing protection and reducing water loss.

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Subsidiary Cells

Specialized epidermal cells surrounding guard cells, helping regulate stomatal function.

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Stomatal Apparatus

The structure consisting of the stomatal pore, guard cells, and surrounding subsidiary cells.

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What is the activity of the cambial ring?

The cambial ring actively produces new cells both inwards and outwards.

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What are the products of the cambial ring?

Cells produced inwards from the cambium mature into secondary xylem, while cells produced outwards mature into secondary phloem.

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Why is secondary xylem more abundant?

The cambium produces more secondary xylem than secondary phloem, leading to the formation of a compact xylem mass.

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What happens to the phloem during secondary growth?

Primary and secondary phloem are compressed due to the accumulation of secondary xylem.

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What are secondary medullary rays?

Narrow bands of parenchyma that extend radially through the secondary xylem and phloem.

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What is spring wood?

During spring, the cambium is highly active and produces large xylary elements with wide vessels, resulting in lighter colored, less dense wood called spring wood.

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What is autumn wood?

During winter, the cambium is less active and produces smaller xylary elements with narrower vessels, resulting in darker colored, denser wood called autumn wood.

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How are annual rings formed?

The alternating layers of spring wood and autumn wood form annual rings, providing an estimate of the tree's age.

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What's the pericycle?

A layer of cells that forms the outermost part of the stele in plant roots, located just inside the endodermis. It's important for lateral root development and the formation of vascular cambium during secondary growth.

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What is the pith in a root?

The central core of a plant root, composed of parenchyma cells. It's usually small or inconspicuous in dicot roots.

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What is conjunctive tissue?

A tissue found between the xylem and phloem in vascular plants. It helps connect these tissues and provides support.

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What is the stele?

The collective tissues located on the inner side of the endodermis in a root, including the pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith. It constitutes the central core of the root.

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What is the endodermis?

The single, continuous layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue in plant roots. It controls the movement of water and nutrients into the vascular tissue.

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How many xylem bundles are in a monocot root?

In monocots, the roots typically have more than six xylem bundles, which is why they're often called polyarch

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Do monocot roots have secondary growth?

Unlike dicot roots, monocot roots do not undergo secondary growth, meaning they don't thicken in diameter.

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Study Notes

Anatomy of Flowering Plants

  • Plants exhibit structural similarities and variations like animals
  • Plant anatomy studies the internal structure and organization of plants
  • Cells are the basic unit, organized into tissues, then organs
  • Monocots and dicots differ anatomically
  • Tissues are groups of cells with shared function and origin
  • Tissues are classified as meristematic or permanent

Meristematic Tissues

  • Growth restricted to specialized regions (meristems)
  • Meristems are active cell division sites
  • Apical meristems produce primary tissues at root and shoot tips
  • Intercalary meristems occur between mature tissues, important for regeneration in grasses

Permanent Tissues

  • Cells of permanent tissues do not divide further
  • Simple tissues have similar cells (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)
  • Complex tissues have multiple cell types (xylem, phloem)
  • Parenchyma is the major component in plant organs, with generally isodiametric cells with thin cell walls. It is involved in photosynthesis, storage, and secretion.
  • Collenchyma occurs in layers below the epidermis in dicots, with thickened corners due to cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. It provides mechanical support to growing parts.
  • Sclerenchyma has long, narrow cells with thick, lignified walls and pits; usually dead, providing mechanical support
  • Xylem conducts water and minerals from roots; composed of tracheids, vessels, fibers, and parenchyma
  • Phloem transports food, composed of sieve tube elements, companion cells, fibers, and parenchyma

Tissue Systems

  • Epidermal tissue system forms the outer covering, including epidermal cells, stomata, and trichomes
  • Ground tissue system encompasses all tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles, like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma in the cortex, pith and medullary rays
  • Vascular tissue system consists of xylem and phloem, arranged in vascular bundles
  • Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundles without cambium, whereas dicot stems have vascular bundles arranged in a ring with cambium, allowing secondary growth

Anatomy of Dicot and Monocot Plants

  • Different internal structures in dicots and monocots
  • Root structure differs with the arrangement of xylem and phloem bundles
  • Dicot stem vascular bundles arranged in a ring
  • Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundles
  • Monocot and dicot roots differ in number of xylem bundles
  • Dicot leaves are dorsiventral with distinct upper and lower epidermis and mesophyll
  • Monocot leaves are isobilateral with epidermis on both sides

Secondary Growth

  • Growth in girth and width (beyond primary growth)
  • Occurs in dicots (and some gymnosperms), through vascular cambium and cork cambium
  • Vascular cambium forms secondary xylem and phloem; increasing girth
  • Cork cambium forms a protective outer layer (periderm)
  • Springwood and autumnwood are wood types that form annual rings
  • Heartwood is the dark, dense inner wood, while sapwood is the light-colored outer wood involved in water transport

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Anatomy of Flowering Plants PDF 2015-2016

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Test your knowledge on the structures and functions of epidermal tissues in plants with this quiz. Questions cover aspects such as the cuticle, stomatal apparatus, and various types of cells involved in plant epidermis. Ideal for students studying botany and plant biology.

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