Botanical Classification and Structure of Herbs
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Questions and Answers

Which plant parts are typically included in herbs?

  • Seeds and tubers
  • Stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits (correct)
  • Roots and bark
  • Only leaves and flowers

What distinguishes herbs from other plant parts?

  • Herbs are only used for medicinal purposes
  • Herbs have woody stems
  • Herbs consist of tender parts (correct)
  • Herbs do not produce flowers

Which of the following statements is true about herbs?

  • Herbs have no culinary uses
  • Herbs are solely grass-like plants
  • Herbs can include flowers and stems (correct)
  • Herbs exclusively include roots and fruits

In the context of plant structure, which of the following is NOT typically considered a part of herbs?

<p>Woody branches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these components is least associated with herbs?

<p>Thorns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the leaves described?

<p>Ovate to lanceolate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the leaf margin?

<p>Serrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phyllotaxis of the described leaves?

<p>Opposite decussate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the identified condition of the powder characteristic?

<p>Fine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element indicates the stomatal structure observed?

<p>Dicytic stomata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is primarily associated with the stem of a plant?

<p>Conducting water and minerals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification is NOT a type of stem mentioned?

<p>Vining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the botanical classification of peppermint?

<p>Mentha piperita (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes a non-woody stem from a woody stem?

<p>Lack of secondary thickening (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the stem of peppermint?

<p>Quadrangular and herbaceous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a non-woody stem?

<p>It is easily broken. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main structural components of a stem?

<p>Nodes and internodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the morphology of the peppermint stem?

<p>Green to dark purple tinge, 1-3 mm thick (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding non-woody plants?

<p>They are typically small in size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the points on the stem where leaves are attached?

<p>Nodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape does the stem of thyme have?

<p>Circular at the base and quadrangular at the top (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hair is characterized as glandular?

<p>Labiaceous glandular hair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stomata is predominantly found in the powder characteristics of Hyoscyamus?

<p>Anisocytic stomata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the surface characteristics of the stem of Hyoscyamus muticus?

<p>Thick quadrangular and hairy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family does Thymus vulgaris belong to?

<p>Labiatae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color does the powder extract of Hyoscyamus yield when tested with Mayer's reagent?

<p>Yellowish-white (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of non-glandular hairs?

<p>They do not have a glandular component (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the thyme plant is primarily used in herbal applications?

<p>Dried ripe aerial parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape and color of the leaves of Hyoscyamus muticus as described?

<p>Ovate and green (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the powder extracted from Hyoscyamus regarding its particulate condition?

<p>Fine and pale green (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are herbs?

Plant parts that are usually tender and include stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.

What are herbs used for?

They are the parts of a plant that are used for flavoring food or for medicinal purposes.

What parts of a plant are considered herbs?

Stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.

What is the texture of herbs?

They are usually tender and delicate, meaning they are easy to break or crush.

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How are herbs used in cooking?

They are used to add flavor to food and drinks.

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Non-woody stem

A plant stem that is typically soft, flexible, and easily broken, lacking the woody structure found in trees and shrubs.

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Small plant

A plant that is relatively short and lacks a strong woody stem.

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Secondary thickening

The process of growth in diameter, which is absent in non-woody stems.

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Nodes

The points on a stem where leaves or buds are attached.

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Internodes

The sections of stem between two nodes.

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Herbaceous Stem

A plant stem that is soft and green, usually dies back in winter.

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Woody Stem

A plant stem that is hard and woody, lives for many years.

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Succulent Stem

A plant stem that stores water in its tissues, often thick and fleshy.

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Suffruticose Stem

A plant stem that is woody at the base and herbaceous at the top.

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What is the function of a plant stem?

The function of a plant stem is to transport water and nutrients from the roots up to the leaves and flowers, and to provide support for the plant.

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Leaf Shape

The shape of a leaf, ranging from egg-shaped (ovate) to spear-shaped (lanceolate), with a pointed tip (acute apex).

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Leaf Margin

The arrangement of teeth or notches along the edge of the leaf, specifically saw-like teeth in this case.

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Leaf Venation

The pattern of veins in the leaf, running from the central vein (midrib) to the edges, like a feather.

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Leaf Base

The symmetrical appearance of the base of the leaf, meaning both sides look the same.

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Opposite Decussate Phyllotaxis

A pattern of leaf arrangement where two leaves grow opposite each other on a stem, forming a cross-like pattern.

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Capitate Hair

Glandular hairs that have a head-like tip with a stalk. Found in plants like thyme.

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Labiaceous Glandular Hair

Glandular hairs that have a characteristic shape resembling a tiny 'lip.' They are found in plants like thyme.

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Thyme

Thyme is a plant that contains both glandular and non-glandular hairs.

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Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

Thyme is the common name of the plant Thymus vulgaris, part of the Labiatae (mint) family.

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Dried Ripe Aerial Parts of Thyme

The dried ripe aerial parts of thyme are used in various preparations, including medicines and culinary applications.

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Sympodial growth

The plant's growth pattern, where the tip bud transforms into foliage, leading to a branching structure.

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Hyoscyamus leaf description

Small, oval-shaped leaves with a pointed tip and rolled edges.

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Aromatic, pungent taste

A distinctive characteristic of Hyoscyamus powder, producing a pungent taste.

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Anisocytic stomata

A type of stoma found in Hyoscyamus, characterized by three surrounding guard cells.

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Mayer's reagent test

A chemical test that reveals the presence of alkaloids in Hyoscyamus powder. When Hyoscyamus powder extract is combined with Mayer's reagent, a characteristic yellowish-white color appears.

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Study Notes

Herbs - Section 2

  • Herbs are tender plant parts, typically including stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
  • Herb stems are non-woody.
  • Herbs are small plants.
  • Herbs lack secondary thickening.
  • Herb stems are easily broken.

Stem

  • Stems support the plant and carry leaves or leaf modifications.
  • Stems are composed of nodes and internodes.
  • Stems conduct water and minerals.
  • Stems can be classified as: herbaceous, woody, succulent, or suffruticose.

Peppermint

  • Peppermint origin: dried, mature leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita.
  • Peppermint family: Lamiaceae.
  • Peppermint stems: quadrangular, herbaceous, and 1-3 mm thick.
  • Stem coloration: green to dark purple.

Peppermint - Morphology (Leaves)

  • Leaf shape: ovate to lanceolate with symmetrical leaf bases, serrated margins, and pinnate venation.
  • Leaf arrangement: opposite decussate
  • Leaf surface texture: glabrous or slightly hairy.

Peppermint - Powder Characteristics

  • Powder form: fine.
  • Color: olive green.
  • Odor: aromatic.
  • Taste: aromatic, followed by a cooling sensation.

Key Elements (Peppermint)

  • Epidermal cells: wavy walls, diacytic stomata.
  • Glandular hairs: labiaceous glandular hair, capitate hair.
  • Non-glandular hairs.

Thyme

  • Thyme origin: dried ripe aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris.
  • Thyme family: Lamiaceae.
  • Stem shape: circular at the base, and quadrangular at the top.
  • Stem growth direction: vertical and erect.
  • Stem branching: present, with a sympodial mode (apical bud to foliage).
  • Stem surface: slightly hairy.

Thyme - Morphology (Leaves)

  • Leaf shape: ovate to lanceolate, small in size.
  • Leaf color: grayish green.
  • Leaf apex: acute.
  • Leaf margins: entire and revolute.
  • Leaf arrangement: opposite decussate.

Thyme - Powder Characteristics

  • Powder form: fine.
  • Color: pale green
  • Odor: aromatic.
  • Taste: aromatic, somewhat pungent.

Key Elements (Thyme)

  • Similar to those noted for Peppermint

Hyoscyamus

  • Hyoscyamus origin: dried leaves (with or without flowers) of Hyoscyamus muticus.
  • Hyoscyamus family: Solanaceae.
  • Stems: thick, quadrangular, erected, and hairy.
  • Leaves: ovate, serrated (with triangular lobes), green, acute apex, opposite decussate.
  • Leaf surfaces: glabrous, very hairy.

Hyoscyamus - Powder Characteristics

  • Powder form: fine.
  • Color: brown.
  • Odor: characteristic.
  • Taste: bitter.

Key Elements (Hyoscyamus)

  • Anisocytic stomata.
  • Multicellular glandular hair and multicellular branched glandular hairs.

Chemical Tests for Herbs

  • Sudan III: red color indicates presence of volatile oils.
  • Iron chloride (FeCl3): bluish-green color indicates presence of tannins (in Mentha), blue indicates tannins in (Thyme).
  • Mayer's reagent: yellowish-white color indicates presence of alkaloids.

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Herbs PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the botanical classification and structural characteristics of herbs. This quiz covers various aspects such as plant parts, stem types, and leaf structures related to herbs. Perfect for students in botany or plant biology!

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