Bordetella and Moraxella Bacteria
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Bordetella avium infection, also known as Turkey Coryza, in turkeys?

  • Mild pyrexia and rapid clearance of bacteria from the lower respiratory tract
  • Non-progressive pneumonia with mild bronchopneumonia
  • Rhinotracheitis and sinusitis (correct)
  • Severe pneumonia with high mortality rate

    • Bordetella parapertussis can be transmitted between humans and ovine species.

    False (B)

    What husbandry practices are important in the treatment and control of Bordetella avium infections in poultry?

    Adequate ventilation, reduced stress, and clean litter.

    What is the primary characteristic of Bordetella parapertussis infection in lambs?

    <p>Mild pyrexia and bronchopneumonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cats, infection from transmission between dogs can cause severe __________.

    <p>pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Moraxella bacteria?

    <p>Gram-negative rods or cocci (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adult cats typically display severe symptoms when infected through transmission between dogs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method to control Bordetella bronchiseptica in animal populations, considering it can live in the trachea of healthy animals?

    <p>Vaccination and improved management practices such as reducing crowding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms/characteristics with the corresponding disease/bacterium:

    <p><em>Bordetella avium</em> = Rhinotracheitis &amp; Sinusitis <em>Bordetella parapertussis</em> = Non-progressive pneumonia in lambs Severe pneumonia in kittens = Transmission from dogs <em>Moraxella</em> = Gram-negative bacteria associated with the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs typically presents as a sole bacterial infection requiring immediate antibiotic treatment to prevent severe complications.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In rabbits, snuffles-like rhinitis and otitis media were stated to commonly be associated with what bacteria?

    <p>Pasteurella multocida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dogs, a primary viral infection is usually involved with Bordetella bronchiseptica, often resulting in a forceful '_______' cough, a key symptom of kennel cough.

    <p>honking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the animal species with the typical characteristics or diseases associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica:

    <p>Dogs = Part of the kennel cough complex Rabbits = Snuffles-like rhinitis and otitis media Guinea Pigs = Highly susceptible Horses = Can live in trachea of healthy horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is long-term antibiotic treatment recommended for ear infections caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits?

    <p>To ensure the drug penetrates deeply into the infected area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In horses, if clinical signs occur due to Bordetella bronchiseptica, they commonly include exclusively severe pneumonia and high fever.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides antibiotics and vaccines, what general management improvement can aid in the control of Bordetella bronchiseptica?

    <p>Less crowding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding Bordetella species?

    <p>They are typically commensals of the upper respiratory tract. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Bordetella, the Bvg- phase indicates a virulent state, while the Bvg+ phase indicates a non-virulent state.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Bordetella infections?

    <p>inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) produced by Bordetella bronchiseptica inhibits ___________, leading to turbinate atrophy in pigs.

    <p>osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the animal species listed below is particularly susceptible to infection by Bordetella avium?

    <p>Turkeys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of Dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) in the context of atrophic rhinitis caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs?

    <p>Inhibition of osteoblast activity, preventing new bone formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccination against Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs is a widely adopted and highly effective preventative measure against atrophic rhinitis.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pigs, the progressive form of atrophic rhinitis involves Bordetella bronchiseptica in conjunction with which other bacterial species?

    <p><em>Pasteurella multocida</em> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Pasteurella multocida considered a commensal organism in rabbits?

    <p>It commonly resides in the nasopharynx of rabbits without causing harm under normal conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pasteurella multocida infection in birds, also known as Fowl Cholera, is caused by capsule serogroups B, C, or E.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides stress, name two physiological or environmental factors that can trigger a Pasteurella multocida infection in rabbits, leading to snuffles.

    <p>pregnancy, lactation, mismanagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chickens infected with Pasteurella multocida, a peracute infection can result in death ______ clinical signs are observed.

    <p>before</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the infection type of Pasteurella multocida in birds with its corresponding description:

    <p>Peracute = Death occurs rapidly, often before clinical signs are evident. Acute = Lower mortality rate, characterized by listlessness, anorexia, diarrhea, and nasal/ocular discharge. Subacute = Respiratory signs with mucopurulent nasal discharge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Pasteurella multocida?

    <p>Hemolytic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pasteurella multocida only causes disease when it is acquired exogenously.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of entry for Pasteurella multocida into the host?

    <p>respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pigs, infection with Pasteurella multocida types A & D can lead to overstimulation of __________, resulting in turbinate damage.

    <p>osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Pasteurella multocida characteristics with their descriptions:

    <p>Multocida = &quot;Many killing&quot; - affects many species Facultative anaerobe = Able to survive in areas with no O2 Progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs = Overstimulation of osteoclasts SQ infections = Animal bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main secondary bacterial species associated with swine pneumonia?

    <p><em>Pasteurella multocida</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pasteurella multocida serogroup C is commonly found in infections.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is exacerbated when combined with which other bacteria?

    <p><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virulence factor of Moraxella bovis directly contributes to ocular damage through hemolytic properties?

    <p>Cytotoxin MbxA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bos indicus breeds are generally more susceptible to Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) than Bos taurus breeds.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides direct contact, what is another primary mode of transmission for Moraxella bovis that contributes to the spread of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)?

    <p>Flying insect vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of white blood cells collected in the anterior chamber of the eye in later stages of IBK is referred to as ______.

    <p>hypopyon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following signs with the stage of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) they are most associated with:

    <p>Lacrimation/epiphora = Early Severe corneal edema = Later Photophobia = Early Corneal fibrosis = Later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the 'red cone' appearance observed during the healing phase of Moraxella lesions?

    <p>Bulging granulation tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neovascularization is always necessary for the complete healing of corneal ulcers caused by Moraxella bovis.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following management practices is LEAST effective in controlling the spread of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)?

    <p>Increasing cattle density in shared spaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides bacteria, list another primary infectious agent that can increase a cattle's susceptibility to Moraxella bovis?

    <p>BHV-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale is a bacterium that primarily affects ______ and ______, causing respiratory diseases.

    <p>chickens, turkeys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale contributes to economic loss in large poultry operations?

    <p>Contribution to co-infections with other respiratory pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vertical transmission of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale from hen to egg is a well-understood process with clearly defined mechanisms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one respiratory symptom caused by Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in poultry.

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key environmental control measure to minimize the impact of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in poultry housing?

    <p>Limiting ammonia levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pasteurella multocida is considered the most ______ species within the Pasteurella genus.

    <p>important</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Bordetella

    A genus of Gram-negative rods, strict aerobes, causing respiratory infections in animals.

    Virulence Factors

    Attributes that enable Bordetella to cause disease, such as Bvg+ (virulent) and Bvg- (non-virulent).

    Dermonecrotic toxin (DNT)

    A toxin produced by Bordetella that inhibits bone formation and causes lesions.

    Atrophic rhinitis

    A disease in pigs resulting from Bordetella bronchiseptica, causing turbinate bone atrophy.

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    Transmission of Bordetella

    Bordetella spreads mainly through inhalation, particularly among young animals.

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    Species affected by Bordetella

    Cats, dogs (kennel cough), pigs, rabbits, and poultry can be infected by Bordetella species.

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    Bordetella bronchiseptica

    A species of Bordetella that primarily colonizes the nasopharynx of pigs, especially young ones.

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    Vaccine for Bordetella

    A vaccine exists for Bordetella infections, but its use is rare in practice.

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    Transmission in Cats

    Transmission of severe pneumonia, especially in young cats, leads to high mortality.

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    Symptoms in Cats

    Symptoms include ruffled fur, labored breathing, anorexia, and mucopurulent discharge.

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    Bordetella avium

    Also known as Turkey Coryza; a highly infectious URT disease primarily affecting turkeys.

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    Morbidity in Poultry

    Bordetella avium can have up to 100% morbidity in affected populations.

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    Bordetella parapertussis

    Causes mild pneumonia in lambs and a mild variant of whooping cough in humans.

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    Swollen Head Syndrome

    A condition in turkeys when other bacteria are present, causing severe respiratory symptoms.

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    Moraxella Characteristics

    Gram-negative rods/cocci that are non-motile and resistant to environmental factors.

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    Control Measures

    Effective management includes proper husbandry, ventilation, reduced stress, and clean litter.

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    Kennel cough

    A respiratory infection in dogs associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica.

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    Bronchopneumonia

    Lung inflammation caused by infection, commonly from Bordetella bronchiseptica in severe cases.

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    Snuffles

    A condition in rabbits resembling rhinitis, sometimes linked to Bordetella bronchiseptica.

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    Treatment for Bordetella

    Includes vaccination, antibiotics, and managing crowding to reduce infection.

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    Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis

    A contagious respiratory disease in dogs, often part of kennel cough complex.

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    Opportunistic infection

    An infection that occurs when an organism takes advantage of certain conditions, as seen in healthy horses.

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    Pasteurella multocida

    A pathogenic bacterium affecting many animal species, often via the respiratory tract.

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    Facultative anaerobe

    An organism capable of surviving in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments.

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    Fastidious

    Organisms that require specific growth conditions, making them hard to culture.

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    Virulence factors of P. multocida

    Factors such as encapsulation and LPS serotypes allowing P. multocida to cause disease.

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    Types of capsular serogroups

    Serogroups A, B, D, E, F are associated with P. multocida; C is not.

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    Common diseases from P. multocida

    Causes progressive atrophic rhinitis and pleuropneumonia in pigs.

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    Endogenous disease

    When a normally commensal bacterium like P. multocida becomes pathogenic.

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    Transmission mechanisms

    P. multocida can transition between animals, causing infections through inhalation or bites.

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    Fowl Cholera

    An infectious disease in birds caused by Pasteurella multocida leading to severe respiratory issues.

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    Clinical signs in rabbits

    Pasteurella multocida causes systemic disease in rabbits presenting symptoms like snuffles and respiratory distress.

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    Coinfection with Bordetella

    Pasteurella multocida often complicates infections when coexisting with Bordetella bronchiseptica, worsening symptoms.

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    Stress factors for outbreaks

    Stress such as pregnancy, lactation, or mismanagement can trigger Pasteurella multocida infections in animals.

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    Moraxella bovis

    A bacteria causing Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis, also known as cow pinkeye.

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    Type IV pili

    Hair-like structures aiding in the attachment of Moraxella to host cells.

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    Cytotoxin MbxA

    A toxin produced by Moraxella bovis that contributes to hemolysis and ocular damage.

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    LOS endotoxin

    Endotoxin in Moraxella that can provoke strong immune responses and tissue damage.

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    Transmission of IBK

    Spread of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis occurs via direct contact or insects.

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    Early signs of IBK

    Initial symptoms include lacrimation (tearing) and blepharospasm (eyelid twitching).

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    Later signs of IBK

    Advanced symptoms like severe corneal edema and necrosis of the cornea.

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    Healing process of IBK

    Infected corneal areas may regress to a scar or heal naturally without scarring.

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    Risk factors for IBK

    Conditions that increase the likelihood of IBK include UV exposure and flies.

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    Treatment for IBK

    Management practices include separating infected animals and controlling flies.

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    Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale

    A pathogen causing respiratory diseases in poultry, particularly chickens and turkeys.

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    Control measures for Ornithobacterium

    Preventive actions include proper ventilation and limiting ammonia in housing.

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    Opportunistic pathogens

    Bacteria that normally do not cause disease but can under certain conditions.

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    Study Notes

    Bacteriology & Mycology

    • Week 5 bacteria covered: Bordetella, Moraxella, Ornithobacterium, Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Bibersteinia, Histophilus, Glaeserella, Actinobacillus, Avibacterium

    Bordetella

    • Gram-negative rods
    • Strict aerobes (need oxygen)
    • Slow-growing bacteria
    • Affinity for ciliated respiratory epithelium
    • Usually commensals of the upper respiratory tract (URT)
    • Poor survival in the environment
    • Transmission occurs via inhalation
    • Young animals are more susceptible
    • High morbidity, low mortality
    • Contagious but not typically fatal

    Bordetella Virulence Factors

    • Adhesins: contribute to adherence and colonization
    • Dermonecrotic toxin (DNT): involved in lesion formation

    Bordetella bronchiseptica

    • Important species in veterinary medicine
    • Causes disease in dogs (kennel cough), pigs, rabbits, and other animals
    • Causes atrophic rhinitis in pigs
      • Infected during first weeks of life
      • DNT inhibits osteoblasts, hindering bone formation
      • Results in snout deformities and turbinate atrophy
    • Progressive forms of the disease are permanent
    • Non-progressive forms may resolve

    Bordetella in Other Species

    • Guinea pigs: highly susceptible to severe pneumonia, often resulting in high mortality.
    • Cats: transmission can occur between dogs and cats, and kittens can have life-threatening respiratory illnesses.

    Bordetella avium

    • "Bordetellosis," "Turkey coryza," "Infectious coryza"
    • Highly contagious URT disease in poultry
    • Turkeys are the natural host
    • Can also infect chickens and ducks
    • Primarily affects 2-8 week old birds
    • High morbidity (often 100%)

    Bordetella parapartussis

    • Mild form of whooping cough in humans and non-progressive pneumonia in lambs
    • Ovine and humans cannot transmit the disease to each other

    Moraxella

    • Gram-negative rods/cocci
    • Non-motile
    • Resistant to environmental stressors
    • Typically diplococci or short chains
    • Associated with cow eye infections

    Moraxella bovis

    • Commensal of bovine mucous membranes
    • Reservoir in the conjunctiva and nasopharynx
    • Bos taurus (cattle) more susceptible to disease than Bos indicus (zebu cattle)
    • Transmission is via direct contact or flying insect vectors
    • More prevalent in the summer months

    Moraxella bovis - Virulence Factors

    • Type IV pili: role in attachment
    • Cytotoxin MbxA: hemolytic properties, contributes to ocular damage

    Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale

    • Gram-negative pleomorphic rods
    • Facultative anaerobe
    • Capnophilic (grows best in elevated CO2)
    • Primarily affects chickens and older birds
    • Usually a coinfection with other pathogens
    • High mortality can occur in large poultry operations

    Pasteurellaceae

    • Mostly opportunistic
    • Distributed worldwide
    • Wide host range
    • Commensal bacteria of the respiratory tract (RT)
    • Can be found in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

    Pasteurella

    • Gram-negative rods/coccobacilli
    • Facultative anaerobes
    • Able to survive in oxygen-deficient environments
    • Fastidious (specific growth requirements)
    • Commonly encapsulated
    • Often non-hemolytic colonies in blood agar
    • Most important species is Pasteurella multocida

    Pasteurella multocida

    • "Many killing" — highly pathogenic
    • Usually enters via respiratory tract (inhalation)
    • Endogenous - commensal becomes pathogenic
    • Exogenous - pathogenic, contacted from another animal
    • Can cause serious infections in a variety of animals

    Pasteurella multocida: in different animal species

    • Pigs - progressive atrophic rhinitis, often found in young animals, damages bones in the nasal cavity
    • Swine - secondary causative agent in pneumonia. Associated with, but not always the primary cause in swine pneumonia, but often in co-infection with other pathogens.

    Mannheimia

    • Gram-negative rods/coccobacilli
    • Commensal of nose, tonsils, and nasopharynx
    • Pathogenic in domestic and wild ruminants
    • Mannheimia haemolytica is the most important species

    Mannheimia haemolytica

    • Commensal in sheep and goats. Low antimicrobial resistance.
    • Relatively easy to treat.
    • Cause of severe disease in lambs and cause of gangrenous mastitis
    • Contributes to shipping fever in cattle

    Mannheimia haemolytica: Pathogenesis

    • Stress (transport, environmental changes, viral infection) can cause the multiplication of Mannheimia haemolytica.
    • Excretion of high numbers of the organism.
    • Lung (aspiration of upper airway droplets)
    • Fibronecrotic bronchopneumonia
    • Acute pneumonia in the finest manifestations.
    • Shipping fever (bovine respiratory disease (BRD)).

    Bibersteinia trehalosi

    • Pathogenic to cattle and sheep Causes septicemia in weaned lambs, usually within 5-12 months of age
    • Contributes to pulmonary disease in cattle

    Haemophilus-like Bacteria

    • Gram + rods
    • Fastidious
    • Capnophilic (likes CO2) bacteria
    • Facultative anerobe
    • Non-motile
    • Host-specific

    Glaesserella parasuis

    • Causes Glässer’s disease
    • Polyserositis and meningitis in young pigs
    • Arthritis and pneumonia in older pigs

    Histophilus somni

    • "Sleeper's Disease."
    • Infectious thromboembolic meningoencephalitis in cattle
    • Meningeal and Respiratory disease
    • Genital tract infections (e.g. mastitis)

    Actinobacillus

    • Gram-negative coccobacilli
    • Facultative anaerobes
    • Fastidious
    • Capnophilic (likes CO2).
    • Often causes pneumonic disease.
    • Non-motile

    Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

    • Commensals of the URT in healthy pigs
    • Main cause of outbreaks of fatal pneumonia
    • Necrotizing-fibrino-hemorrhagic pneumonia

    Actinobacillus suis

    • Commensals of the URT and vagina
    • Opportunistic pathogen
    • Expresses Apxl & ApxII toxins, often cytotoxic and hemolytic
    • Can be treated with penicillins

    Actinobacillus equuli

    • Opportunistic pathogen in horses
    • Main cause of pneumonia
    • Can occur in adult horses
    • Causes meningitis and abortion

    Actinobacillus lignieresii

    • Commensal of ruminant URT
    • Often causes granulomatous inflammation of the tongue
    • Pus-filled ulcers on the tongue, but no unusual smells
    • Inoculated into mucous membranes through abrasive feed

    Actinobacillus seminis

    • Causes problems in the male and female reproductive tracts of small ruminants

    Avibacterium paragallinarum

    • Causes infectious coryza (infectious respiratory disease) of poultry, that often manifests as respiratory diseases
    • Subacute cases usually cause coinfections with other viruses and bacteria
    • Chronic cases typically result in complications like low growth and decreased egg production

    Practice Questions

    • These questions should be used as practice for the subject matter covered, and answers may vary. Do not ask for practice questions to be answered. Use the content to study and understand the key factors covered.

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    Description

    This lesson covers the characteristics, transmission, and control of Bordetella and Moraxella infections in animals, including species-specific symptoms and the importance of husbandry practices. It will delve into differentiating symptoms and managing infection in various animal populations by understanding the bacteria's ability to live in the trachea. Transmission patterns from animals and treatments are also discussed.

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