Bony Fish Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the gas bladder in bony fish?

To regulate the fish's buoyancy by adjusting gas volume. (correct)

To excrete waste products from the fish's metabolism.

To store excess nutrients for periods of low food availability.

To facilitate the exchange of oxygen in the gills.

How does the rete mirabile contribute to gas exchange in the swim bladder?

It secretes a special mucus that traps gas entering the gas bladder.

It transports blood containing elevated levels of lactic acid and $CO_2$ to the gas bladder. (correct)

It is responsible for burping out excess gas to regulate buoyancy.

It directly draws oxygen from the water and transfers it to the swim bladder.

What is the primary difference between physostomus and physoclistous fish?

Physostomus fish possess a rete mirabile, whereas physoclistous fish do not.

Physoclistous fish use a sphincter muscle to remove gas from the swim bladder, and physostomus fish use a rete mirabile.

Physostomus fish can fill their swim bladder by gulping air, while physoclistous fish cannot. (correct)

Physoclistous fish have a direct connection between the gas bladder and the gut, while physostomus fish do not.

What causes the hemoglobin to release $O_2$ in the rete mirabile?

Acidification of the blood due to lactic acid and $CO_2$. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do physoclistous fish release oxygen from their swim bladder?

They use a sphincter muscle that allows oxygen to diffuse into the blood through the ovale. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a challenge associated with living in a water environment?

High oxygen concentration in the surrounding environment. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What primary adaptation do cartilaginous fish use to achieve neutral buoyancy?

Livers with high oil content (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the operculum in fish?

To prevent the backflow of water over the gills. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In a fish gill, where does the actual gas exchange take place?

Secondary lamellae. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how sound travels in the open ocean?

Sound waves reflect off thermoclines and can travel for long distances through a sound channel. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What breathing strategy is typically employed by fast-swimming fish like tuna and mackerel?

Ram ventilation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the refractive index of water affect the vision of terrestrial vertebrates underwater?

It makes their corneal focusing ineffective, causing blurry vision. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional significance of the counter-current exchange system in fish gills?

It maximizes the diffusion of oxygen from water into the blood. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the rete mirabile in deep-sea fish with gas bladders?

It facilitates oxygen secretion into the gas bladder at high pressures. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why do some deep-sea fish lack a swim bladder, and how do they maintain their buoyancy?

They distribute fats throughout their body to aid in buoyancy. (A) Signup and view all the answers

The labyrinth in Betta fish is primarily used for which function?

Gas exchange from atmospheric air. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which fish species is considered an obligate air breather due to its primary reliance on atmospheric oxygen?

Lungfish. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of lungfish during dry seasons?

They enter a dormant state after secreting a mucous. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do freshwater fish maintain their internal salt balance?

They actively absorb sodium and chloride through their gills. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do marine fish maintain their internal salt balance?

They drink seawater and excrete salt through their gills. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fish is more tolerant of changes in salinity?

Euryhaline (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an euryhaline fish?

Salmon (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the kidneys of freshwater and marine fish?

Freshwater fish kidneys have larger glomeruli and produce more dilute urine. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where are taste bud organs located in fish?

In the mouth, around the head, and on anterior fins. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do sharks use their sense of smell to locate stimuli?

By detecting the timing of odors on each side of their head. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lateral line system in fish?

To detect water displacement and vibrations. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the sensory cells within the lateral line system called?

Hair cells. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the gelatinous structure that surrounds the kinocilia in the lateral line system?

Cupula. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do the hair cells within a neuromast detect the direction of water displacement?

By having kinocilia on opposite sides, connected to two nerves each. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the lateral line system help schooling fish?

By enabling them to maintain a constant distance and position within the group. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where do dense schooling fish have greater concentrations of neuromast cells?

Primarily on their head. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which electric fish generate an electric field?

By using modified nerve or muscle cells to create an action potential. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the polarity of the electric field generated by electric fish?

Negative at the tail, positive at the head. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of electroreceptors in sharks and rays?

To detect the electrical activity of muscle contractions in prey. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the Ampullae of Lorenzini facilitate electroreception?

They have canals filled with a conductive gel that connects sensory cells to pores. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the kidneys in vertebrates?

To filter and remove waste from the blood. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process that occurs in the glomerulus of a nephron?

Blood filtration. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nitrogenous waste product excreted by bony fish?

Ammonia. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these nitrogenous waste products requires the most energy to produce?

Uric acid. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Living in Water - Chapter 4

Aquatic life faces unique challenges, including buoyancy, movement through dense water, maintaining internal temperature differences from water, and coping with varying oxygen availabilities.
Maintaining internal environment stability is difficult due to constant water and ion movement.
Water's high density presents challenges for movement.
Heat loss from water is significant.
Ammonia is readily soluble in water, which is a positive aspect, but oxygen levels are often lower.

Physical Properties of Water and Air

Water is significantly denser than air (about 833 times).
Water is more viscous than air (about 55 times).
It takes substantially more energy (about 3,500 times) to increase water temperature than air by the same amount at the same volume and quantity.
Heat transfers approximately 25 times faster in water compared to air.
Oxygen content is significantly lower in water than in air (around 6 mL/L in water versus 209 mL/L in air).
Oxygen diffuses approximately 8,500 times faster in air versus water.
Sound travels approximately 4.3 times faster in water compared to air.
Water's refractive index is similar to that of the cornea.

Gills and Oxygen Uptake

Gill structure facilitates unidirectional water flow for efficient oxygen uptake.
Fish use buccopharyngeal pumping to move water unidirectionally through the gills.
Opereucla and mouth flaps prevent water backflow into the mouth.
Gill filaments and lamellae are sites of gaseous exchange.
Secondary lamellae enhance gas exchange surface area.
Ram ventilation is a strategy to obtain oxygen
Countercurrent exchange maximizes oxygen uptake. Afferent blood vessels and water move in opposite directions.

Oxygen from Air

Some fish adapt to low dissolved oxygen by obtaining oxygen from air.
Betta fish use a labyrinth for air breathing.
Electric eels periodically surface to breathe.
Lungfish have lungs that originated from the swim bladder.
Lungfish use burrow and mucous production for dormancy.

Adjusting Buoyancy in Bony Fish

Most bony fish are neutrally buoyant, having similar densities to water.
The gas bladder, an internal organ, helps achieve buoyancy.
Fish adjust gas bladder volume by adding/removing gas to maintain neutral buoyancy as they navigate depth.

Buoyancy in Deep-Sea Fish

Many deep-sea fish have modified swim bladders with lightweight compounds.
Some deep-sea species have reduced or lost their swim bladder, adapting to use body fats for buoyancy.
Length and location of rete mirabile and presence of a gas gland may vary between deep-sea species.

Aquatic Vision

Aquatic vertebrates have spherical lenses that adjust position to focus on light.
Terrestrial vertebrates use a flatter lens and a cornea to focus light.
Water's refractive index is nearly similar to that of the cornea , so vision is less clear underwater.

Hearing in Water

Sound travels about four times faster in water than in air.
Solid objects reflect underwater sound.
Sound is absorbed by vegetation in water.
Inverse square law affects sound energy propagation.
Thermoclines create channels for concentrated sound in open water.

Chemosensation: Taste and Smell

Taste buds are present throughout the head and mouth area.
Olfactory organs are located around the snout, for detection of dissolved substances.
Sharks have exceptional sensitivity to low concentrations of odors.
Salmon use permanently imprinted chemical signatures to locate home streams.

Lateral Line System

The lateral line system detects water displacement (vibration) in aquatic vertebrates.
The lateral line system consists of neuromast organs containing hair cells.
These organs are in canals running along the body helping fish detect water currents or vibrations from prey, predators, and mates.
Water movement causes cupula bending, exciting sensory cells in the neuromast to indicate direction and intensity of movement.
Schooling fish use this system for maintaining spacing and recognizing their neighbors.

Electrical Discharge

Some fish generate electric fields for communication, navigation predator avoidance.
Electric fields are produced by special modified muscle or nerve cells.
Strength of shock varies by species and location on fish.

Electroreception

Sensitive electroreceptors, the Ampullae of Lorenzini, detect weak electrical signals from prey muscle contractions.
Sharks and rays use these receptors to locate prey via detecting electrical signals.
Electroreception is also found in some monotremes.

Nitrogen Excretion

Animal groups excrete nitrogenous waste such as ammonia, urea or uric acid in differing ways.
Bony fishes excrete ammonia through skin and gills.
Mammals excrete primarily urea.
Reptiles and birds have a more energy-intensive method of excretion: uric acid.

Vertebrate Kidneys

Vertebrate kidneys remove excess water and waste chemicals from the body in the form of urine.
Blood is filtered through glomeruli within nephrons.
Nephons filter water, amino acids, and glucose and separate them into the form of urine for excretion.
Urine formation occurs in several steps within the kidney.

Stenohaline vs Euryhaline

Stenohaline fishes are restricted to either freshwater or saltwater and are less tolerant to changes in salinity.
Euryhaline fishes, in contrast, can move between environments with different salinity levels and have greater tolerance.

Water and Salt Regulation - Freshwater Fish

Freshwater fish gain water via osmosis and lose salts through diffusion.
In order to counteract this they actively absorb sodium ions.
Kidneys produce copious amounts of dilute urine to avoid excess water retention.

Water and Salt Regulation - Marine Fish

Marine fishes lose water by osmosis and gain sodium and chloride via diffusion.
Marine fishes actively absorb salt through osmosis and drink seawater to maintain salt balance.
Kidneys excrete a small volume of concentrated urine.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy and physiology of bony fish. This quiz covers topics like the gas bladder, gill function, and adaptations for buoyancy. Understand the differences between various fish types and their breathing strategies in aquatic environments.