Bones

20 Questions

What is the primary component of the inorganic or mineral phase of bone?

Hydroxyapatite crystals

Which type of bone fills the ends of the shafts of long bones and forms most of the structure of vertebrae?

Trabecular bone

What do osteoblasts primarily secrete to form the unmineralized bone matrix?

Collagen

Which mineral is primarily responsible for forming hydroxyapatite crystals in bone?

Calcium

What are osteoclasts capable of resorbing in bone?

Bone mineral and matrix

Which minerals, in addition to calcium and phosphorus, are found within bone?

Magnesium and Sodium

Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme for the production of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine in collagen synthesis?

Vitamin C

What is the consequence of vitamin C deficiency?

Scurvy

Which vitamin is hydrophilic and found in the cytoplasm?

Vitamin C

What is the role of vitamin C as an antioxidant?

Neutralize radicals to protect cell structures

What is the function of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine in collagen synthesis?

Necessary for cross-linking of collagen fibers

What does cross-linking of collagen fibers require?

Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine

What is the consequence of vitamin C deficiency on iron absorption?

Decreased iron absorption

Which molecules cause damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and are neutralized by vitamin C?

Reactive oxygen molecules

What is the primary function of bones in the body?

Provide support and protection, store minerals, and regulate calcium levels

At what age does peak bone mass typically occur?

Between ages 16 and 30

What is the main cause of osteoporosis?

Loss of bone protein and mineral deposits

Where is 99% of the body's calcium found?

In solid mineral deposits in bones and teeth

What hormone is involved in the regulation of calcium levels?

Parathyroid hormone

What is the primary function of vitamin C in the body?

Function as an antioxidant, aid in collagen production, and aid in iron absorption

Study Notes

Functions of Bones and Calcium in the Body

Bones provide support and protection, store minerals, and regulate calcium levels
Bone is a living tissue constantly being remodeled, with most bone formed early in life and peak bone mass between ages 16 and 30
Gender and menopause affect bone mass, with estrogen levels dropping during menopause leading to increased bone loss
99% of calcium is found in solid mineral deposits in bones and teeth, with the remaining 1% in body fluids
Regulation of calcium levels involves digestive tract absorption and hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
Calcium plays a crucial role in enzyme activity, blood clotting, nerve and muscle function, and other cellular processes
Calcium deficiency can lead to low bone mass and conditions like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
Excessive calcium levels can cause symptoms like loss of appetite, nausea, and kidney stones, and may lead to osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is caused by a loss of bone protein and mineral deposits and is measured using DEXA scans
Prevalence of osteoporosis varies among racial and ethnic groups in the United States
Vitamin C, found in citrus fruits and vegetables, functions as an antioxidant, aids in collagen production, and is important for iron absorption
Humans, higher primates, guinea pigs, and some birds and bats lack the gene to synthesize vitamin C, making it an essential nutrient in their diet

Test your knowledge of the functions of bones and calcium in the body with this informative quiz. Explore topics including bone structure, calcium regulation, the role of estrogen in bone mass, and the impact of calcium deficiency and excess. Gain insights into osteoporosis, vitamin C as an essential nutrient, and its role as an antioxidant and in collagen production.

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