Bones of the Upper Limb: Scapula Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

At what age does the ossification center of the coracoid process in the scapula fuse?

  • 15 years (correct)
  • 5 years
  • 20 years
  • 1 year

    • Why does the oblique orientation of the glenoid increase the likelihood of anterior dislocation following a direct fall on the shoulder?

  • It directs force towards the front of the joint (correct)
  • It prevents posterior dislocation
  • It stabilizes the shoulder joint
  • It increases the space for movement

    • Which bone is attached to the first costal cartilage and is the first bone to begin ossification?

  • Radius
  • Humerus
  • Scapula
  • Clavicle (correct)

    • What is the site of the subclavian vessels and brachial plexus trunks?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is attached to the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bone begins ossifying before any other bone in the upper limb?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint connects the radius and ulna?

    <p>Pivot joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the distal ulna and radius?

    <p>Interosseous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process of the scapula forms part of the shoulder joint?

    <p>Glenoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae on the scapula?

    <p>Spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what fetal stage does the scapula ossify?

    <p>Eighth week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In radiographs, what may the inferior angle of the scapula overlying the seventh rib appear as?

    <p>'Hot spot' in isotope bone scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the scapula projects anteriorly from the upper border of the neck of the scapula?

    <p>Coracoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a useful guideline in identifying ribs or thoracic vertebral levels in plain radiographs?

    <p>Inferior angle of the scapula lying over seventh rib or interspace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be confused with an oblique fissure in lateral chest radiographs?

    <p>Lateral border of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may simulate a mass on lateral chest radiographs?

    <p>Inferior angle of the scapula being slightly bulbous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does not usually obscure lung fields in AP views?

    <p>Scapulae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should the beam be centered in PA views to project thoracic cage away from the scapula?

    <p>Over head of humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone forms the lower jaw?

    <p>Mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the temporomandibular joint?

    <p>To allow for movement during chewing and speaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skull consists mainly of temporal and parietal bones?

    <p>Vault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the visible part of the lower jaw?

    <p>Mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is attached to the muscles of mastication?

    <p>Mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the nasal cavities from each other?

    <p>Septal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mandible's function in relation to the lower teeth?

    <p>It holds the lower teeth in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the mandibular foramen located?

    <p>On the inner surface of the body below and between the ramus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the coronoid process of the mandible?

    <p>Provides attachment to the temporalis muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What runs through the mandibular canal?

    <p>Inferior alveolar artery and nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the symphysis menti located?

    <p>At which two halves of the mandible are united</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms part of temporomandibular joint?

    <p>The condylar process (head) of mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Increase the surface area of contact between tissues of the lateral wall and respired air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve carries the sensation of olfaction in the nasal cavities?

    <p>Olfactory nerve [I]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the respiratory region in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Has a rich neurovascular supply and is lined by respiratory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries supply blood to the nasal cavities?

    <p>Maxillary and facial arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones contribute to the skeletal framework of the nasal cavities?

    <p>Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, maxillary, palatine, and lacrimal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of paranasal sinuses?

    <p>Lined by respiratory mucosa, open into nasal cavities, innervated by branches of trigeminal nerve [V]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the external nose?

    <p>Extends nasal cavities onto front of face, positions nares downward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do paranasal sinuses develop?

    <p>Outgrowths from nasal cavities that erode into surrounding bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site where paranasal sinuses open?

    <p>Into nasal cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do paranasal sinuses receive innervation?

    <p>Innervated by branches of trigeminal nerve [V]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carpal bones are there in each row?

    <p>Three in the proximal row and four in the distal row</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is located on the anterior surface of the triquetral?

    <p>Pisiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What converts the arch of carpal bones into a tunnel known as the carpal tunnel?

    <p>Flexor retinaculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To which bones does the extensor retinaculum attach on the dorsum of the wrist?

    <p>Pisiform and triquetrum medially, radius laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures does the carpal tunnel convey?

    <p>Superficial and deep flexor tendons of fingers and thumb, median nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many separate synovial sheaths run beneath the extensor retinaculum?

    <p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what positions are carpal bones radiographed?

    <p>Anteroposterior, lateral, oblique positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is attached laterally to the scaphoid and medially to the pisiform?

    <p>Flexor retinaculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is located on the anterior surface of the triquetral?

    <p>Pisiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms an arch with its concavity situated anteriorly?

    <p>Carpal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery becomes the axillary artery at the outer border of the first rib?

    <p>Subclavian artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein passes medially, pierces the clavipectoral fascia to become deep and joins the axillary vein?

    <p>Cephalic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level does the brachial artery begin?

    <p>Lower border of teres major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery divides into the radial and ulnar arteries at the level of the radial head?

    <p>Brachial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the superficial veins of the upper limb commence?

    <p>Hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein has a similar course on the medial side of the forearm and elbow?

    <p>Basilic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average carpal angle in normal hands?

    <p>138°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sesamoid bones commonly found in relation to joints?

    <p>Anterior surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do bones of the upper limb, including metacarpals and phalanges, begin to ossify?

    <p>Between 9th and 12th fetal weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the radiological feature known as the metacarpal sign?

    <p>Line tangential to heads of fourth and fifth metacarpals crossing third metacarpal head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones ossify in a clockwise order from capitate to pisiform?

    <p>$Capitate, trapezium, hamate, pisiform$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do nutrient arteries of the scaphoid bone enter exclusively?

    <p>Distal half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm?

    <p>Interosseous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are supernumerary bones found in the wrist?

    <p>Carpal tunnel region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinct feature of both metacarpals and phalanges?

    <p>Rounded head, shaft, and base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are muscles of upper limb located relative to one another?

    <p>Distinct positions in both upper arm and forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The coracoid process in the scapula has an ossification center that appears in the first year of life and fuses at 15 years of age. Secondary centers appear between 14 and 20 years of age and fuse between 22 and 25 years of age.

    • The glenoid's oblique orientation from posterior to anterior and lateral to medial helps prevent posterior dislocation following a fall on an outstretched hand, but increases the likelihood of anterior dislocation following a direct fall on the shoulder.

    • The clavicle, a bone between the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints, is attached to the first costal cartilage and is the first bone to begin ossification. It is also the site of the subclavian vessels and the brachial plexus trunks.

    • The humerus, the long bone in the upper limb, has a hemispherical head, bicipital groove, surgical neck, spiral groove, and deltoid tuberosity. It begins ossifying before any other bone and has multiple secondary centers.

    • The radius and ulna have cylindrical and hook-shaped heads, respectively, and are connected by the interosseous membrane. The radius has a radial tubercle and styloid process, while the ulna has a styloid process that is more proximal.

    • Chest radiographs require special views to adequately evaluate the clavicle and its relationship to the lungs. The rhomboid fossa, a small depression on the inferior surface of the clavicle, is seen in less than 1% of normal chest X-rays.

    • The primary center for the humerus appears in the eighth week of fetal life, and secondary centers appear in the head, greater and lesser tubercles, capitellum, radial head, internal epicondyle, trochlea, and olecranon. These fuse with one another and with the shaft at various ages.

    • The radial head has a single cortical line on its upper surface and is perpendicular to the neck in a normal radiograph. The ulnar styloid is proximal to the radial styloid and has a line joining them at an angle of 110° with the long axis of the radius. The pronator quadratus is a muscle that passes between the distal ulna and radius and is visible as a linear lucency on a lateral radiograph of the wrist.

    • The mandible is a bone that forms the lower jaw. It is unique in the skull as it is the only bone united to the skull through the mobile temporomandibular joint.

    • The inner surface of the mandible is attached to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the muscles of mastication, while the outer surface is attached to the muscles of the jaw, including those involved in chewing.

    • The temporomandibular joint is a synovial joint located between the condyle of the mandible and the temporal bone. It is a complex joint that allows for the mandible to move during chewing and speaking.

    • The mandible is not part of the cranium nor the facial skeleton. It is composed of a single, horseshoe-shaped bone.

    • The skull consists of 22 bones, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae, zygomatic, nasal, and lacrimal bones.

    • The anterior view of the skull includes the forehead, orbits, nasal region, upper jaw, and lower jaw.

    • The mandible forms the visible part of the lower jaw.

    • The nasal cavities are elongated, wedge-shaped spaces within the skull, and are separated from each other by a midline nasal septum.

    • The anterior apertures of the nasal cavities are the nares, and the posterior apertures are the choanae, which open into the nasopharynx.

    • The skull is divided into several parts: the vault, consisting mainly of the temporal and parietal bones; the base of the skull, consisting mainly of the sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones; and the facial skeleton, consisting of the paired nasal bones, palatine bones, lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones, maxillae, and the unpaired vomer.

    • Carpal tunnel views are taken by extending the wrist and focusing on the anterior part.

    • Supernumerary bones in the wrist include the oscentrale and osradiale externum.

    • The nutrient arteries of the scaphoid enter the bone exclusively in its distal half.

    • Scaphoid bones ossify in a clockwise order from capitate to trapezoid, with the capitate first and pisiform last.

    • The metacarpals and phalanges have distinct features, with each having a rounded head, a shaft, and a base.

    • The metacarpal sign is a radiological feature where the line tangential to the heads of the fourth and fifth metacarpals does not cross the third metacarpal head in normal hands.

    • The carpal angle is formed by lines tangential to the proximal ends of the scaphoid and lunate bones, with an average angle of 138° in normal hands.

    • Sesamoid bones are found in relation to the anterior surface of certain joints, with two sesamoids in the thumb's metacarpophalangeal joint being the most common.

    • Bones of the upper limb, including the metacarpals and phalanges, begin to ossify between the ninth and twelfth fetal weeks, with secondary ossification centers appearing later.

    • The muscles of the upper limb have distinct positions relative to one another in the upper arm and forearm.

    • The deltoid muscle covers the upper lateral aspect of the humerus, while the flexors and extensors of the shoulder and elbow have distinct positions.

    • The interosseous membrane separates the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm, with the flexors and extensors of the wrist and fingers located anteriorly and posteriorly, respectively.

    • The interosseous nerves and arteries lie close to the interosseous membrane, while the radial and ulnar nerves and vessels lie anteriorly on each side.

    • The individual muscles may be difficult to distinguish on axial CT due to the lack of fat in the forearm.

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    Related Documents

    Radiological Anatomy Second Stage PDF
    Bones of the Upper Limb PDF
    Second Stage Carpal Bones PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the scapula, a flat triangular bone in the upper limb. Identify and understand the different processes and features of the scapula.

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