Anatomy: Definition and Human Body Systems

• Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus de Jutiapa
• Carrera: Licenciatura en Ciencias Médicas
• Curso de Anatomía I, Primer Trimestre 2023, Docente: Dr.M.A. Luis Fernando Sandoval Y Sandoval.

Anatomía: Definition

• Anatomía is the branch of medicine studying and naming the parts of the human body.
• Fisiología is the branch of medicine studying the normal functions of the human body.
• Patología is the medical specialty studying all aspects related to the normal function of human body structures.

Sistemas del Cuerpo Humano

• The human body consists of cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
• Anatomy studies human body systems, including:
• Óseo
• Muscular
• Circulatorio
• Respiratorio
• Digestivo
• Urinario
• Inmunitario
• Sistema reproductor
• Órganos de los sentidos.
• Osteocito is the fundamental bone cell.

Sistema Óseo

• System of bony structures called bones that provide firmness to the human body and protect internal organs.
• Bones consist of protein material, collagen, and calcium phosphate.
• Vitamin D plays a vital role in ossification.
• Bones are formed of compact and spongy bone tissue.
• The bone marrow in the center of the bones produces Hematopoiesis, stimulated by the hormone Erythropoietin.

Regiones del cuerpo humano

• The human body consists of three regions
• Cabeza
• Tronco
• Extremidades

Cabeza

• Is formed by
  • Cráneo
  • Cara

Tronco

• Tórax
• Abdomen

Extremidades

• Superiores
• Inferiores

Estructuras de la Cabeza

• A child's skeletal system consists of 300 bones.
• An adult's skeletal system includes 206 bones.
• The cranium has 8 bones:
• 1 Frontal
• 1 Occipital
• 1 Ethmoid
• 1 Sphenoid
• 2 Parietales
• 2 Temporales
• These bones protect the brain.

Estructuras de la Cara

• The bones of the face include
• 2 Maxillary bones (superior)
• 2 Nasal bones
• 2 Conchae (superior and inferior)
• 2 Malar or Zygomatic bones
• 2 Lacrimal bones
• 2 Palatine bones
• 1 Vomer bone
• 1 Inferior Maxillary bone
• Structures protect the sense organs.
• Dental structures include 32 teeth in adults and 20 in children.

Huesos del Tronco

• Bones of the Trunk: Vertebral Column
• Includes four regions: cervical, dorsal, lumbar and sacral
• Vertebra: the fundamental bones of the vertebral column
• Neck: has 7 cervical vertebrae
• Dorsal Region: has 12 vertebrae
• Lumbar Region: has 5 vertebrae
• Sacral region includes 1 sacral bone and 1 coccyx
• The vertebral column protects the spinal cord.

Huesos del Tórax

• Clavicles: 2 (right and left)
• Scapulae: 2 (right and left)
• Sternum: 1
• Thoracic Cage: formed by bones called ribs
• Ribs: flat, curved bones that form the thoracic cage
• True Ribs: 7 pairs
• False Ribs: 3 pairs
• Floating Ribs: 2 pairs
• The rib cage protects the lungs and the heart.

Huesos de la Pelvis o Cadera

• Hips: 2 iliac bones
• Right
• Left
• Wider in women.

Extremidades Superiores

• Upper limbs: Provides superior mobility to the human body on the right and left side
• Arm includes
• Shoulder
• Forearm
• Hand
• Fingers
• Shoulder includes
  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
  • Humerus
• Humerus: second longest bone in the body
• Forearm includes
• Ulna
• Radius
• Hand: Carpus, Metacarpus, Phalanges
• 5 fingers: Proximal Phalanx, Middle Phalanx, Distal Phalanx.

Huesos de región de Carpo

• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• Triquetrum
• Pisiform
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid

Extremidades Inferiores

• Lower limbs:
• Hip: iliac and femur bones
• Thigh: femur bone, the longest bone in the body
• Leg: tibia and fibula
• Foot: tarsus, metatarsus, toes
• Tarsus: tarsal bones
• Metatarsus: metatarsal bones
• Phalanges: proximal, middle and distal phalanges
• Knees: patellae on the right and left

Articulaciones

• Joint: the union between one or more bones
• Can be mobile or fixed
• Fixed: in the skull and face, carpus, and metacarpus
• Mobile: maxillae, shoulder, elbow, hands, knees, feet
• Connective tissue: cartilage, connects all bones in the body
• Nails and Hair

Huesos del Tarso

• Consist of 7 short bones grouped into Anterior and Posterior rows.
• Anterior Row
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Three Cuneiforms (medial, intermediate and lateral)
• Posterior Row
• Talus
• Calcaneus

Articulaciones: The Human Body

• The human body has 360 joints:
• 86 in the skull
• 6 in the throat
• 66 in the thorax
• 76 in the vertebral column and pelvis
• 32 in each of the upper extremities
• 31 in each of the lower extremities.