Bones Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What type of bone is found in the diaphysis and is heavy and strong?

Spongy Bone
Compact Bone (correct)
Articular Cartilage
Cancellous Bone

What are bone-building cells called?

Osteoblasts

What is the process of moving a body part away from the body called?

Abduction

What is the term for moving a body part toward the midline?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle Signup and view all the answers

What is described as a prominent, rounded, articulating proximal end of a bone?

Head Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the joining together of bones at a joint?

Articulation Signup and view all the answers

What skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid, vertebrae, and thoracic cage?

Axial skeleton Signup and view all the answers

What is a bursa?

A liquid-filled sac-like structure found near synovial joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the cone-like movement of a body part called?

Circumduction Signup and view all the answers

What does the term diaphysis refer to?

The middle of a long bone Signup and view all the answers

What are the ends of long bones called?

Epiphysis Signup and view all the answers

What does eversion refer to?

Turning a body part so it is facing the outside or lateral part of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for increasing the joint angle?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

What is flexion?

Decreasing the joint angle Signup and view all the answers

What connects bone to bone?

Ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of producing red blood cells called?

Hematopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

What are intervertebral disks?

Rings of cartilage found between vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound fracture?

A fracture that pierces the skin Signup and view all the answers

What are osteoclasts?

Bone-destroying cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a complete fracture?

A fracture that is broken all the way through Signup and view all the answers

What is spongy bone also known as?

Cancellous bone Signup and view all the answers

What is a condyle?

Large, rounded surface at the end of a bone Signup and view all the answers

What is a foramen?

An opening usually in a bone or membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is an incomplete fracture?

A fracture that is not broken all the way through Signup and view all the answers

What is the description of a simple fracture?

A fracture that stays within the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is an impacted fracture?

A fracture where the ends of bones meet in the center Signup and view all the answers

What is a spiral fracture?

A fracture caused due to a twisting motion Signup and view all the answers

What is synovial fluid?

Fluid secreted by the synovial membrane Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is freely moveable?

Synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

What is ossification?

Formation of bone Signup and view all the answers

What are sinus cavities found within the skull responsible for?

They lessen the weight of the skull and can cause headaches Signup and view all the answers

What does supination refer to?

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces forward Signup and view all the answers

What does pronation mean?

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces downward Signup and view all the answers

What are ball and socket joints?

Joints found at the shoulder and hip with a full range of motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the medullary cavity?

Yellow marrow found in the diaphysis of bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the periosteum?

Fibrous connective tissue covering the surface of bone Signup and view all the answers

What is red bone marrow?

Blood cell forming tissue located in spaces within certain bones Signup and view all the answers

What does plantar flexion refer to?

Standing on your toes Signup and view all the answers

What is dorsi flexion?

Standing on your heels Signup and view all the answers

What is the synovial membrane?

Membrane that forms the inner lining of a capsule at a freely moveable joint Signup and view all the answers

What are osteocytes?

Mature bone cells Signup and view all the answers

What does rotation refer to?

Movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis Signup and view all the answers

What is a suture?

Fixed joints on the cranium. Four of them to know. Signup and view all the answers

What does inversion mean?

Moving a body part into the body Signup and view all the answers

What is a fontanel?

Also known as the soft spots on an infant's head Signup and view all the answers

What is a trochanter?

A massive process found only on the femur Signup and view all the answers

What is a condyloid joint?

Joint where the metacarpals and phalanges meet Signup and view all the answers

What is a crest?

A narrow, ridge-like projection of bone Signup and view all the answers

What is a tubercle?

A small, rounded process Signup and view all the answers

What is a fossa?

A flattened or shallow surface Signup and view all the answers

What does meatus refer to?

A tube-like passageway through a bone Signup and view all the answers

What is a hinge joint?

A joint that moves back and forth, like the elbow and knee Signup and view all the answers

What is a pivot joint?

A joint with a quick turning action, like the head of the radius off the ulna Signup and view all the answers

What is a saddle joint?

A joint that moves side to side and back and forth, found where carpals and metacarpals meet Signup and view all the answers

What is a gliding joint?

Joint found at the wrists and ankles where the bones move across each other Signup and view all the answers

What is the vertebral column made up of?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx Signup and view all the answers

What is a tuberosity?

A large roughened process Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a joint that is unmoving?

Fixed joint Signup and view all the answers

What is a meniscus?

A piece of fibrocartilage that separates the surfaces of bones in the knee Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

Joint that holds the arms in place, consisting of the clavicle and the scapula Signup and view all the answers

What does the pelvic girdle do?

Joint that holds the legs in place, consisting of the ilium and ischium Signup and view all the answers

What is the epiphyseal disk?

Also known as the growth plate Signup and view all the answers

What is a spine in terms of bone anatomy?

Sharp, slender process Signup and view all the answers

What is articular cartilage?

Form of hyaline cartilage found on the surface of bones at synovial joints Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Bone and Bone Components

Compact Bone: Dense and sturdy, located in the diaphysis, providing strength to the structure of bones.
Spongy Bone: Known as cancellous bone, characterized by a porous structure, found at the ends of long bones (epiphysis).
Medullary Cavity: Contains yellow marrow and is present in the diaphysis.
Red Bone Marrow: Found within certain bone spaces, responsible for blood cell formation.

Bone Cells

Osteoblast: Cells that form new bone tissue.
Osteoclast: Cells that break down bone, aiding in the process of bone remodeling.
Osteocyte: Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

Bone Structure

Diaphysis: The central shaft of long bones, primarily composed of compact bone.
Epiphysis: The extremities of long bones, often where joints are formed.
Articular Cartilage: Smooth hyaline cartilage covering the bone ends at the joints to reduce friction.

Joints and Movements

Synovial Joint: Freely movable joints, characterized by the presence of synovial fluid.
Types of Joints:
- Ball and Socket: Allows for a full range of motion (e.g., shoulder, hip).
- Hinge Joint: Moves in one direction (e.g., elbow, knee).
- Pivot Joint: Allows rotation (e.g., head of radius over the ulna).
- Saddle Joint: Enables complex movement (e.g., joints between carpals and metacarpals).
- Gliding Joint: Enables bones to slide over one another (e.g., wrists and ankles).
Movements:
- Abduction: Moving a limb away from the body's midline.
- Adduction: Moving a limb toward the body's midline.
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between body parts.
- Extension: Increasing the angle between body parts.
- Rotation: Turning movement around an axis.

Injury and Fractures

Compound Fracture: Bone pierces the skin, posing a higher risk of infection.
Complete Fracture: Bone is broken all the way through.
Incomplete Fracture: The bone is not completely broken.
Simple Fracture: The fracture does not break the skin.
Spiral Fracture: Caused by twisting forces.
Impacted Fracture: Bone ends are forced into each other.

Supporting Structures

Ligament: Tough, fibrous tissue connecting bone to bone, providing stability to joints.
Bursa: Fluid-filled sacs cushioning joints.
Synovial Membrane: Inner lining of a synovial joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid.

Other Anatomical Terms

Foramen: An opening in a bone.
Condyle: Rounded surface at a bone's joint end that articulates with another bone.
Trochanter: A large, prominent process found on the femur.
Fontanel: Soft spots on an infant's skull.
Meniscus: Cartilaginous structure in the knee that aids in cushioning and stability.
Suture: Immovable joints found in the cranium.
Crest and Tubercle: Projections of bone; crest is narrow, while tubercle is small and rounded.

Skeletal Types

Axial Skeleton: Comprised of the skull, vertebrae, hyoid bone, and thoracic cage.
Appendicular Skeleton: Includes limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle.
Pectoral Girdle: Composed of the clavicle and scapula, facilitates arm attachment.
Pelvic Girdle: Formed by the ilium and ischium, supports leg attachment.

Development and Growth

Ossification: Process of bone formation; includes the growth plate known as the epiphyseal disk.
Hematopoiesis: The synthesis of red blood cells within the bone marrow.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key terms from Chapter 6 on bones. From compact bone to the appendicular skeleton, these definitions will help reinforce your understanding of bone anatomy and physiology. Perfect for anatomy students and enthusiasts alike!