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Questions and Answers
Which type of cartilage is most susceptible to damage from repetitive high-impact activities, such as running or jumping?
Which type of cartilage is most susceptible to damage from repetitive high-impact activities, such as running or jumping?
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage (correct)
- Osseous cartilage
A doctor is examining a patient with severe joint pain. An MRI reveals significant degradation of cartilage in the knee. Which type of cartilage is most likely affected?
A doctor is examining a patient with severe joint pain. An MRI reveals significant degradation of cartilage in the knee. Which type of cartilage is most likely affected?
- Fibrocartilage
- Hyaline cartilage (correct)
- Articular cartilage
- Elastic cartilage
What primary characteristic of elastic cartilage allows the outer ear to return to its original shape after being bent?
What primary characteristic of elastic cartilage allows the outer ear to return to its original shape after being bent?
- Abundant elastic fibers (correct)
- Resistance to compression
- Location in a low-stress environment
- High water content
Which of the following tissues provides support with flexibility, and is found at the ends of bones, in articular cartilage?
Which of the following tissues provides support with flexibility, and is found at the ends of bones, in articular cartilage?
In a car accident, a person suffers a spinal injury involving a compressed intervertebral disc. Which type of cartilage is most likely damaged?
In a car accident, a person suffers a spinal injury involving a compressed intervertebral disc. Which type of cartilage is most likely damaged?
During embryonic development, what type of cartilage serves as a template for the formation of long bones?
During embryonic development, what type of cartilage serves as a template for the formation of long bones?
Which type of cartilage is specifically adapted to withstand strong compression and tension forces, such as those experienced in the pubic symphysis?
Which type of cartilage is specifically adapted to withstand strong compression and tension forces, such as those experienced in the pubic symphysis?
Which of the following is NOT a tissue type found within bones?
Which of the following is NOT a tissue type found within bones?
Why are bones considered organs?
Why are bones considered organs?
Which of the following locations contains hyaline cartilage?
Which of the following locations contains hyaline cartilage?
Which of the following is the primary reason that twisting forces often result in bone fractures?
Which of the following is the primary reason that twisting forces often result in bone fractures?
How do osteoclasts contribute to bone remodeling, and what is their origin?
How do osteoclasts contribute to bone remodeling, and what is their origin?
What would be the most likely effect on bone if osteoclast activity outpaces osteoblast activity over a prolonged period?
What would be the most likely effect on bone if osteoclast activity outpaces osteoblast activity over a prolonged period?
Which of the following best describes the role of canaliculi in compact bone?
Which of the following best describes the role of canaliculi in compact bone?
A researcher is studying bone development. They observe that a particular bone is forming directly from mesenchyme. Which type of ossification is occurring?
A researcher is studying bone development. They observe that a particular bone is forming directly from mesenchyme. Which type of ossification is occurring?
How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts interact during appositional bone growth?
How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts interact during appositional bone growth?
What is the role of the epiphyseal plate in long bone growth, and how does it change at the end of adolescence?
What is the role of the epiphyseal plate in long bone growth, and how does it change at the end of adolescence?
Why does heating a bone make it more brittle?
Why does heating a bone make it more brittle?
What is the primary reason articular cartilage is found on the ends of bones?
What is the primary reason articular cartilage is found on the ends of bones?
If a child's X-ray reveals thicker than normal epiphyseal plates at the wrist, what might this suggest about their growth?
If a child's X-ray reveals thicker than normal epiphyseal plates at the wrist, what might this suggest about their growth?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to a decrease in bone mass?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to a decrease in bone mass?
During the remodeling stage of fracture healing, what cellular activity is primarily responsible for restoring the bone to its original shape and strength?
During the remodeling stage of fracture healing, what cellular activity is primarily responsible for restoring the bone to its original shape and strength?
A patient is diagnosed with osteomalacia. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this condition?
A patient is diagnosed with osteomalacia. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this condition?
Why might children in industrialized societies with significant smog exposure be at a higher risk of developing rickets?
Why might children in industrialized societies with significant smog exposure be at a higher risk of developing rickets?
In Paget's disease, which of the following cellular activities is primarily affected, leading to the characteristic bone abnormalities?
In Paget's disease, which of the following cellular activities is primarily affected, leading to the characteristic bone abnormalities?
How would switching from high-impact weight-bearing exercises to non-weight-bearing exercises like swimming impact bone remodeling?
How would switching from high-impact weight-bearing exercises to non-weight-bearing exercises like swimming impact bone remodeling?
Following a bone fracture, the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus is crucial for which of the following reasons?
Following a bone fracture, the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus is crucial for which of the following reasons?
A postmenopausal woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following hormonal changes is the most likely contributor to her condition?
A postmenopausal woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following hormonal changes is the most likely contributor to her condition?
During bone remodeling, how do osteoblasts respond to areas of bone that experience high levels of mechanical stress?
During bone remodeling, how do osteoblasts respond to areas of bone that experience high levels of mechanical stress?
Why is vitamin D fortification of milk an effective public health strategy to prevent rickets in children?
Why is vitamin D fortification of milk an effective public health strategy to prevent rickets in children?
Flashcards
Cartilage
Cartilage
A flexible connective tissue found throughout the adult body.
Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
The most abundant type of cartilage, providing support and flexibility.
Elastic cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Cartilage with many elastic fibers, allowing for bending.
Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage
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Articular cartilage
Articular cartilage
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Costal cartilage
Costal cartilage
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Intervertebral discs
Intervertebral discs
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Bone
Bone
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Ossification
Ossification
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Pubic symphysis
Pubic symphysis
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Functions of bones
Functions of bones
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Osteocytes
Osteocytes
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Types of bone cells
Types of bone cells
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Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification
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Compact vs Spongy bone
Compact vs Spongy bone
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Bone remodeling
Bone remodeling
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Appositional growth
Appositional growth
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Twisting forces
Twisting forces
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Medullary cavity
Medullary cavity
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Growth plates
Growth plates
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Bone Mass
Bone Mass
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Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
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Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts
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Stages of Fracture Healing
Stages of Fracture Healing
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
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Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia
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Rickets
Rickets
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Paget’s Disease
Paget’s Disease
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Vitamin D Role
Vitamin D Role
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Study Notes
Chapter 6 - Bones and Skeletal Tissues
- Cartilage is found throughout the adult body, including in the ear, nose, articular cartilage (in joints), costal cartilage (attached to ribs), larynx, epiglottis, intervertebral discs, and pubic symphysis. It's mostly water and flexible.
Types of Cartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage: The most abundant type. Provides support through flexibility, found at the ends of bones, makes up embryonic long bones, and is present in the nose.
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Elastic Cartilage: Contains elastic fibers and can tolerate repeated bending, found in the ear.
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Fibrocartilage: Resists strong compression and strong tension, found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and the knee.
Bone Structure and Function
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Bones are organs containing multiple tissues, primarily connective tissue, but also nervous and blood tissue, and epithelial linings of blood vessels. Cartilage is also present at the ends of some bones.
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Functions: Support, movement (muscles pull on rigid structures), protection (like the skull and ribs), mineral storage (calcium and phosphate), blood cell formation (red bone marrow), and energy metabolism (influencing insulin release).
Chemical Composition of Bone
- Approximately 35% organic components (cells, fibers, collagen) for flexibility
- Approximately 65% inorganic mineral salts (primarily calcium phosphate) for stiffness
- Collagen is crucial for resisting tension forces
- Mineral salts provide resistance to compression forces.
Bone Cells
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Osteogenic Cells: Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
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Osteoblasts: Actively produce and secrete bone matrix (osteoid).
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Osteocytes: Keep the osteoid healthy. Are living cells found within bones.
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Osteoclasts: Responsible for bone resorption (removing mineral calcium and phosphate).
Types of Bones
- Long bones: Longer than wide (e.g., femur)
- Irregular bones: Miscellaneous category (e.g., vertebrae)
- Flat bones: Thin and flat (e.g., skull, ribs)
- Short bones: Generally cube-shaped (e.g., carpals and tarsals).
Structure of a Long Bone
- Compact bone: Outer layer, few pores
- Spongy/cancellous bone: Inner layer, porous
- Diaphysis: Shaft
- Epiphysis: Ends
- Periosteum: Outer covering of bone, containing osteoblasts/clasts
- Medullary cavity: Hollow inside of the diaphysis, containing bone marrow
Nutrient Arteries
- Deliver nourishment to the bone through the osteons (repeating cylindrical units within compact bone)
- Contain arteries, veins, and nerves surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae)
- Central canal in the middle of osteons houses these vessels
Ossification/Osteogenesis
- Intramembranous ossification: Direct formation of bone from mesenchyme (for bones like those of the skull).
- Endochondral ossification: Initial development of bone from hyaline cartilage (for most bones). Cartilage is gradually replaced by bone.
Bone Growth
- Lengthening: Occurs at the epiphyseal plates, where cartilage is replaced by bone. Growth plates close during adolescence, stopping bone lengthening.
- Widening: Due to appositional growth, adding bone tissue to the external surface while removing it from the internal surface.
Bone Remodeling
- Ongoing process where bone is constantly being broken down and rebuilt. This is necessary for maintaining bone strength and responding to mechanical stress.
Bone Diseases
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Osteoporosis: Low bone mass, bone loss faster than formation, most common in post-menopausal women
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Osteomalacia/Rickets: Inadequate bone mineralization, often due to Vitamin D deficiency. Rickets occurs in children.
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Paget's Disease: Excessive rate of bone deposition and remodeling, leading to weakened bones.
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Osteosarcoma: Bone cancer, usually in children and adolescents.
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Description
Overview of cartilage types (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage) and bone structure. Bones are organs with connective, nervous, blood and epithelial tissues. Cartilage is mostly water and flexible.
