Bones and Skeletal System

Lecture 1

• Pericardium refers to the area around the heart
• Pituitary gland secretes mucus
• Pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica, also known as the "turkish saddle."
• Sella turcica part of the sphenoid bone of the skull, and is moth-like in shape
• Islets of Langerhans named after a German Physiologist
• Pancreatic Islets are located in the pancreas
• Eponym is named after somebody

Lecture 2

• Body Regions and Cavities can be divided into Axial or Appendicular regions
• Axial region includes the core, where limbs attach

Regions

• The head is known as cranium.
• The neck is known as the cervical region.
• The trunk makes us the thoracic region/thorax as well as the abdominal and and pelvic region

Cavities

• The body contains the Cranial Cavity
• The body contains the Vertebral canal
• The body contains the Thoraci cavity
• The body contains the Abdomino-pelvic cavity, separated by the respiratory diaphragm

Appendicular Region

• Includes the upper and lower limbs, as well as the girdles (pectoral/pelvic)

Upper body

• The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle + scapula.
• The shoulder is the deltoid region.
• The arm is the brachial region/brachium.
• The elbow is a region
• The forearm is the antebrachium.
• The wrist is the carpal region.
• The hand is the manus.

Lower Body

• The hip (bone) is the coxal region.
• The gluteal region covers the buttocks
• The thigh is the femoral region.
• The knee is a region
• The leg is the crural region.
• The ankle is the tarsal region.
• The foot is the pes.

Skeletal System Introduction

• Functions of Bones: Provide structure, protection, support, movement, and attachments.
• Bone functions in mineral storage
• Mineral storage includes calcium phosphate and magnesium

Bone Marrow

• Red bone marrow: Hematopoiesis (red blood cell production)
• Yellow bone marrow for the Immune system

Bone Shapes

• Bone shape reflects development.
• Long bones include the femur and phalanges.
• Short bones include tarsals and carpals.
• A Sesamoid bone is a special type, such as the patella, which develops in a tendon.
• Flat bones include the frontal bone and scapula.
• Irregular bones include vertebra and sphenoid.

Lecture 3

• Histology is the study of tissues using lab microscopes.
• A tissue collection of cells functions together.
• Organs consist of multiple tissues.
• The body consist of four main tissue types: connective, nervous, epithelial, and muscle.

Connective Tissue (CT)

• Each tissue has subtypes.
• Connective Tissue (CT) has three main subtypes:
  • CT Proper: tendons and fat (adipose CT)
  • Supporting CT: bone and cartilage
  • Fluid CT: blood and lymph

What is a Bone

• Bone is an organ built from multiple tissue types.
• The femur is a long bone in the thigh (femoral region).
• An observe of bones show a proximal / distal epiphysis, diaphysis (shaft), and metaphysis (between).
• Bones have two types of tissues

Compact vs Spongy bone

• Compact bone is a thick cortex similar to bark, and contains a periosteum (outer lining) and endosteum (inner lining)
• Spongy bone is cancellous bone.
• Spongy bone is found in epiphyses
• Supporting connective tissue consists of compact and spongy bone.
• All CT's have cells in a matrix (extracellular matrix).

Bone Matrix

• Bone Matrix composed of (protein) fibers in a ground substance.
• Matrix fibers consist of collagen - organic protein - flexibility
• Substance: Hydroxyapatite ((Ca)10(PO4)6(OH)2)
• Hydroxyapatite strong hard crystal salt - inorganic (in tooth enamel).

Cell Types of Bone

• Osteogenic cells: stem cells in endosteum, progenitor lining medullary/marrow cavity.
• Osteoblasts create a fibroblast that synthesize matrix (b=build).
• Osteocyte mature bone cells are embedded in matrix
• Osteoclasts: large macrophage, secrete HCl-hydrochloric acid to dissolve bone.

Osteons

• Osteons: structural and functional unit of compact bone, tubes of compact (CT) - cells in a matrix bone.
• Osteons, 2-D slice of osteon
• Osteocytes reside in lacunae ("little lakes").
• Rings of the matrices form lamellae (like tree rings).
• Osteons contain perforating canals.
• Central canals contain blood vessels (bv's) & branches of nerves.

Lecture 4

• Axial Skeleton I involves the bones of the body
• An adult human has around 80 Axial Bones and 126 Appendicular bones

Axial Skeleton

• The cranium of skull consists of 8 cranial bones.
• The skull consist of 14 facial bones
• The vertebral column consist of approximately 26 bones, with 12x2=24 ribs
• Thoracic cage consist of 1 sternum
• Auditory ossicles consist of ~3x2=6 pieces
• The body contains 1 hyoid bone

Articulations

• Articulations are joints or connections between two or more bones
• E.g. the mandible articulates with the temporal bone, forming the temporomandibular joint.

Function of the Skull

• Houses special senses
• Aids ingestion, chewing, swallowing
• Responsible for Speech and respiratory system
• Protection for cranial meninge

General Features of Skull

• The skull consists of assembled bones

Sutures of the Skull

• Sutures a type of fiberous joint:
  • Coronal suture
  • Sagittal suture, a superior view of cranium
  • Lambdoid Suture
  • Squamous suture (lateral view)

Development of Skull

• Development: See fontanels (-elles)
• Ex. anterior fontanelle, located between frontal & parietal bones AKA "soft spot"

Regions of the Skull

• Cranial bones (cranium): encase brain & contact cranial meninges
• The facial bones are more anterior & inferior to cranium
• Facial bones do not contact the cranial meninges

Lecture 5

• Axial Skeleton II involves the bones of the skull
• Knowing the meanings behind the bones, ie location aids in memory recall
• Structures of the bones are called Condyles

Cranial Bones

• Frontal Bone (1): R&L sides fuse in utero
• Anterior and superior cranium
• Anterior cranial fossa (majority of)
• Frontal sinus
• Superior & sup/posterior orbit
• Supraorbital foramen or notch
• Glabella (between eyebrows) -coronal suture

Parietal Bones

• Parietal Bones (2): R&L
• There exist multiple skull sutures: coronal, Sagittal, lambdoid, squamous suture
• Cranial vault
• Temporal lines laiso on frontal (6)
• Lateral, post/sup. cranium

Temporal Bones

• Temporal Bones (2): are Irregular shaped, lateral view, & inferior Cranial View
• Temporal bones contain four named parts:
  • Squamous part (flat)
  • Zygomatic process of temporal bone
  • Mandibular fossa or TMI

Temporal Bone Parts

• Tympanic part
  • has an external acoustic meatus
  • has a styloid process of temporal bone
• Mastoid Process
  • has air cells like a sinus
• Petrous Part
  • can be seen on the cranial floor
  • part of middle crania fossa
  • houses middle & inner structures
  • has material acoustic meatus

Occipital Bones

• Occipital Bone (1). Posterior and inferior base of skull
• Posterior cranial fossa
• Foramen magnum: Passage for brainstem. Becomes @ level spinal cord
• Occipital condyles articulate with C1 Atlas
• External occipital protuberance
• Superior & Inferior nuchal lines for the neck

Sphenoid Bone

• Sphenoid bone (1) is an anterior view on the Posterior orbit
• Can also be seen in lateral & inf. view
• Has a middle cranial fossa - sella turcica (pit. gland "sits" here)
• Has Sphenoid (al) sinus and Irregular bones
• The Sphenoid bone has greater & lesser wings ("moth")

Ethmoid Bone

• Major contributor to nasal cavity
• Small contributor to ant. cranial fossa
• the structure = cribiform plate
• Nasal cavity has a perpendicular plate, which are part of nasal septum
• ethmoid bones have a superior & middle nasal conchae (plural) with shells
• ethmoid bones contain conchae cells

IV. Facial Bones

• bone name Maxillae
• Number of bones 2
• Bone definition Articulate R&L along palate
• Bone definition anterior/medial Orbit
• Bone definition medial part of cheekbone - lateral to nasal cavity.
• Bone definition contain zygomatic process of maxilla
• Bone definition contain Infraorbital foramen
• Bone definition nasal Cavity contribution (some lateral wallFloor of nasal cavity.)
• Bone definition anterior hard palate & upper jaw
• Bone definition have maxillary Sinuses
• Bone name Zygomatics
• Number of bones (2)
• Bone definition "Cheek bones"
• Bone definition Articulate w/ both temporal bone and a maxillae
• Bone definition contain Zygomatic arch: compound Structure. w/ temporal bone Passage for temporalis muscle)
• Bone definition contribute to lateral-inf.Orbit
• Bone name contain Nasal Bones
• Number of bones (2) Bone definition Small/paired, superior-anterior Bone definition "bridge" of nose
• Bone name Lacrimal Bone
• Number of bones (2)
• Medial orbitArticulates with maxilla
• Bone definition forms channel for lacrimal duct & Sac; leads into nasal cavity - Bone definition - drainage system from orbit into nasal cavity
• Bone name Inferior Nasal Conchae
• Bone definition (2) own bone - not part of ethmoid - Bone definition Lateral walls nasal
• Bone name Palatine Bone (2)
• Bone definition posterior hard palate; floor & lateral walls nasal cavity .
• Bone definition very small contribution to orbit
• hard & Soft palate, separates oral & nasal cavities
• Bone name Vomer (1) "plow" Inf bony part of nasal septum
• Sep R and L sides of nasal Cavity
• Articulate with Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
• Mandible (1) 2→1 joined in utero region bone - " lower jaw"
• 1 on the Ramus - condylar process
• head of mandible - Mandibular notch
• coronoid process Site of muscle attachment *

Hyoid bone

• Body of mandible (see also maxilla)
• Bony ridge forms tooth sockets
• Alveolar process (es)
• the human Species is unique for their protruding chin with its Mental protuberance

Associated Bones

• Greater and lesshorns
• Hyoid "tongue" bone inf mandible
• Superior to larynx, the site of many muscle attachments location Petrous part of temporal bone"

Lecture 8 Auditory Ossicles

• Housed in petrous part of temporal bone
• Stapes "stirrup" * Middle ear

Auditory Bones

• Incus "anvil"
• Malleus "hammer"
• Function Protect Spinal cord support muscle attachment.

VI Vertebral colum

• A. Cervical vertebrae 7 (C-1 C7)
  • C-I ARTIFICially with occipital Condyle - C-2 Axis artic superiorly: A axis:
• 2-C6: Bifid SPINous processes, transverse foramina ,C7 vertebra prominens Model
• spinous transverse processes
• B. Lumbar vertebre
  • Bodies and transverse processes of T: verts ARTIC Wibrs
• Note costal facets along slender spinous processes Giraffe-looking

Lecture 9

• Axial End and Appendicular

start

C. Lumbar vertebrae5 general Features thicker

• D Sacrum and coccyx
• Coccygeal Vertebra 41 - Sacrum:
• The sacrum ARTIC ilium (51 Joints): Tverts thoracic. = 2 pairs
• cartilage

Lecture 10 -Appendicular Skeleton

• Appended of axial skeleton
• 1. pectoral gridle
• The clavicle and the scapula single joint (single joint) sternoclavicular joint app in lower body, shaped like the sternum, can easily break

B scapula

Add not better spine of Drawing Ant, inferior and lateral side post of Right Side, Fossa, Post scapular, process

• iliac axial connection 11 pelvic gridlehip +hip Bone sacrum

• illium three - -ilium- spine -

Anterior

-posterior lesser sciatic notchin.

• Art W/ and Pubis, of joint

upper LIM

• upper LIM: intercubercular with radii
• articular of synonial hinge
• Vina, proximal END
• Shaft radial note to of Radius the Limb.