Questions and Answers
What do the external surfaces of bone display?
Projections, depressions, and openings
Which type of marrow can convert to red if a person becomes anemic?
Yellow marrow
What are the external surfaces of bone used for?
Muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment
What are bone markings involved in?
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What is a projection in bone markings?
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What can cause a projection in bone markings?
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What are depressions and openings in bone markings used for?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the skeletal system?
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What percentage of body weight does the skeletal system account for?
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How many bones are there in the human body?
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What is the function of the skeletal system?
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What are the surface markings and unique characteristics of bones?
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Which type of cartilage allows it to sustain great weight or serve as a shock absorber?
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What is the function of the perichondrium?
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Which type of skeletal cartilage is the most abundant?
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Where is elastic cartilage found in the body?
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Which type of cartilage is highly compressible?
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What are the functions of bones?
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What is the role of bones in the body?
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Where does blood cell formation take place?
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Where can triglycerides (fat) be stored in the body?
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Which type of cell is responsible for actively breaking down bone minerals?
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What is the process called that replaces hyaline cartilage with bone?
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Which type of bone formation forms most of the skeleton?
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What is the process called that increases bone length?
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What type of growth occurs throughout life and increases bone thickness?
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What is the structure that maintains a constant thickness as cartilage grows on one side and bone replaces it on the other?
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What is the process called where excess material is removed and compact bone is laid down to reconstruct the shaft walls?
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Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium?
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Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts?
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Study Notes
Cells and Development of Bone
- There are three types of cells in bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
- Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete bone matrix, including collagen and calcium-binding proteins.
- Osteocytes are mature bone cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix and respond to mechanical stimuli.
- Osteoclasts are responsible for actively breaking down bone minerals in a process called bone resorption.
- Bone development, or osteogenesis, begins as early as a few weeks after conception and continues into early adulthood.
- There are two types of bone formation: endochondral ossification, which replaces hyaline cartilage with bone, and intramembranous ossification, which develops bone from a fibrous membrane.
- Endochondral ossification forms most of the skeleton, while intramembranous ossification forms cranial bones and clavicles.
- Bone growth occurs through interstitial growth, which increases bone length, and appositional growth, which increases bone thickness.
- Interstitial growth requires the presence of an epiphyseal plate, which maintains a constant thickness as cartilage grows on one side and bone replaces it on the other.
- Appositional growth occurs throughout life, with osteoblasts adding bone matrix on the external surface and osteoclasts removing bone on the internal surface.
- Bone repair involves bone remodeling, where excess material is removed and compact bone is laid down to reconstruct the shaft walls.
- Hormonal control regulates blood calcium levels, with parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulating osteoclasts to release calcium and calcitonin lowering blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts.
