Bone Tissue Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

  • To maintain mature bone cells
  • To create cartilage
  • To form new bone tissue
  • To break down bone tissue (correct)

Which component is primarily found in the medullary cavity of long bones?

  • Yellow bone marrow (correct)
  • Compact bone
  • Red bone marrow
  • Hyaline cartilage

What mineral salt is primarily stored in the skeleton?

  • Calcium phosphate (correct)
  • Magnesium carbonate
  • Sodium chloride
  • Potassium sulfate

Where does bone growth occur in long bones?

<p>At the epiphyseal plate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of spongy bone?

<p>It includes trabeculae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about osteocytes is true?

<p>They help maintain bone tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the bone structure is primarily responsible for providing flexibility?

<p>Collagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the periosteum?

<p>To cover and protect the bone surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a smoker's cough play in the body?

<p>It is the body’s attempt to clear mucus and irritants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should a person bitten by a snake three years after the initial bite receive another dose of antivenom?

<p>Antivenom provides passive immunity that is not long-lasting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is crucial for bone strength and repair?

<p>Calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely symptom of Crohn’s disease due to inflammation in the intestines?

<p>Frequent diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is found in the bladder, and what effect can certain medications have on it?

<p>Smooth muscle; slows peristalsis in the bowels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ossification occurs between sheets of fibrous connective tissue?

<p>Intramembranous ossification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a diet low in calcium on bone health?

<p>Leads to bone loss and fractures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity do vaccines typically promote?

<p>Adaptive immunity through memory t-cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates bone resorption?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does vitamin D play in bone health?

<p>Facilitates calcium absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components of fried chicken is primarily digested in the stomach?

<p>Proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral concentration is primarily regulated by bone remodeling?

<p>Calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of antibodies present in breast milk?

<p>To provide passive immunity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue acts as a shock absorber between bones?

<p>Cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a smoker's health is less likely to be affected by not developing a chronic cough?

<p>Continued lung damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food is a rich source of vitamin D?

<p>Milk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

<p>Form new bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates levels of calcium in the blood by blocking osteoclast activity?

<p>Calcitonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of regular physical activity for bone health?

<p>Decreases growth hormone production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the epiphyseal plate primarily responsible for?

<p>Bone growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton?

<p>Pelvis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of PTH in relation to bone health?

<p>Stimulates bone resorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is important for building and maintaining bone structure?

<p>Calcium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes endochondral ossification?

<p>Replaces cartilaginous models with calcified bone matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of capillary tissue facilitate gas exchange in the respiratory system?

<p>It consists of a thin, single-cell layer that allows for efficient diffusion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of the urinary system in relation to cellular respiration?

<p>It filters waste products produced by the respiratory and digestive systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example represents passive transport in the digestive system?

<p>Nutrients passively diffuse through the intestinal lining into the bloodstream. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pneumonia affect respiratory function?

<p>It causes fluid buildup in the alveoli, disrupting gas exchange. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body systems work together to regulate blood pH?

<p>Respiratory and urinary systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a food allergy from a food intolerance?

<p>Food allergies involve the immune system, while intolerances affect digestion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the bloodstream play in regulating breathing rate and depth?

<p>Blood sensors detect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and signal for breathing adjustments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does calcium absorbed from the small intestine reach other parts of the body?

<p>It travels through the hepatic portal vein to the liver and then enters circulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does the structure of bronchioles serve in the respiratory system?

<p>They expand and contract to regulate airflow to the alveoli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of negative feedback in the circulatory system?

<p>Regulation of blood pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of human experimentation?

<p>Financial incentives can lead to exploitation of vulnerable populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does informed consent entail in a cohort study?

<p>Participants are informed about risks and can voluntarily decide to join the study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does oxygen reach cells for cellular respiration?

<p>It diffuses through cell membranes after entering the bloodstream. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epiphyseal plate

A specialized region of hyaline cartilage located at the ends of long bones, responsible for lengthwise bone growth.

Hyaline cartilage

A type of connective tissue that covers the ends of bones, reduces friction between bones, and provides cushioning.

Osteoclasts

Bone cells that are responsible for breaking down bone tissue. They are crucial for bone remodeling and calcium release.

Osteon

The functional unit of mature bone tissue, composed of concentric layers of bone matrix and osteocytes arranged around a central canal.

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Osteoblasts

Bone cells that are responsible for forming new bone tissue. They play a key role in bone growth and repair.

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Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures. It occurs when bone resorption outpaces bone formation.

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Bone remodeling

The process by which bone tissue is formed and remodeled. It involves the coordinated activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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Bone growth

A process that increases the length of long bones. It occurs at the epiphyseal plate, where cartilage cells divide and mature into bone.

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What is ossification?

The process of bone formation, where specialized cells called osteoblasts build new bone tissue.

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What is intramembranous ossification?

A type of bone formation where bones develop within sheets of fibrous connective tissue.

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What is endochondral ossification?

A type of bone formation where cartilaginous models of bones are gradually replaced by calcified bone matrix.

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What is the epiphyseal plate?

The growth plate located at the ends of long bones, responsible for lengthwise bone growth.

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Which mineral is regulated by bone remodeling?

A major mineral regulated by bone remodeling, vital for building and maintaining bone structure.

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What is cartilage and its role in joints?

A type of connective tissue found between bones, absorbing shock and preventing bone damage.

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How does GH influence bone health?

A hormone that promotes bone growth, maintenance, and calcium absorption.

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How does calcium influence bone health?

A mineral essential for bone structure, absorbed with the help of vitamin D.

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How does vitamin D influence bone health?

A vitamin that facilitates calcium absorption in the intestines.

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How does PTH influence bone health?

A hormone that stimulates bone resorption, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.

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How does calcitonin influence bone health?

A hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity, decreasing bone breakdown.

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What is the axial skeleton?

The portion of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

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What is the appendicular skeleton?

The portion of the skeleton that includes the limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle.

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Capillary Structure in Respiration

A single layer of thin cells forming capillary walls, enabling efficient gas exchange between alveoli and blood through diffusion.

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Urinary System Role

The urinary system maintains fluid balance and eliminates waste products from the blood, including those produced by the digestive and respiratory systems, contributing to overall homeostasis.

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Passive Transport Examples

Nutrients passing through the intestinal lining into the bloodstream, oxygen moving from alveoli into the blood, and water reabsorption in the collecting duct of the nephron.

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Pneumonia and Respiratory Function

Inflammation and fluid buildup in alveoli, disrupting gas exchange and oxygen delivery to the bloodstream, leading to breathing difficulties.

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Respiratory and Urinary pH Homeostasis

The respiratory system regulates blood pH by controlling CO2 exhalation, while the urinary system adjusts hydrogen ion excretion and bicarbonate ion reabsorption.

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Food Intolerance vs. Allergy

A food intolerance affects digestion, while a food allergy involves an immune response. Intolerance causes discomfort, while allergy triggers a potentially dangerous immune reaction.

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Bloodstream Control of Breathing

Sensors in the brain and blood vessels monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, relaying information to the respiratory system to adjust breathing rate and depth.

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Calcium's Journey and Roles

Calcium travels through the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery to the liver. It plays roles in bone health, muscle function, and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism within the liver.

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Structure and Function of Tubes

Bronchioles regulate airflow and filter debris, the small intestine maximizes nutrient absorption with folds, and ureters facilitate urine transport using peristalsis.

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Negative Feedback Homeostasis

Negative feedback mechanisms in different body systems maintain homeostasis: respiratory (CO2 levels), circulatory (blood pressure), digestive (stomach acid), and skeletal (calcium levels).

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Human Experimentation: Pros and Cons

Human experimentation offers potential for medical advancements, but poses ethical concerns. Informed consent, risk management, and the prevention of exploitation are crucial.

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Cohort Study Phases

A cohort study progresses through phases involving safety assessment, dosage optimization, efficacy evaluation, and long-term monitoring.

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Informed Consent

Informed consent means a participant is fully aware of the risks and benefits of a study and freely chooses to participate.

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Oxygen and Glucose Transport and Heart Attack

Oxygen travels from alveoli to the bloodstream and then to cells via diffusion. Glucose is transported through blood vessels to cells. Heart attack disrupts oxygen and glucose supply, impairing cellular respiration.

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Glucose Transport

The movement of glucose from the digestive tract into the bloodstream, where it is transported to cells for energy production.

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Smokers' Cough

A chronic cough is a persistent cough lasting more than 8 weeks, often caused by irritation or inflammation of the airways. It's a common symptom of smokers due to the damage caused by cigarette smoke to their lungs.

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Passive Immunity

Passive immunity provides temporary protection against a specific pathogen. It involves receiving ready-made antibodies, like in breast milk or antivenom, without triggering the body's own immune response.

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Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive immunity is a long-lasting protection against specific pathogens. It relies on memory cells, which remember previously encountered pathogens and mount a faster and more effective immune response upon re-exposure.

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Vaccine Mechanism

Vaccines work by introducing weakened or inactive forms of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system. This process triggers adaptive immunity, producing memory cells that can rapidly respond to future infections by the same pathogen.

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Crohn's Disease

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation and ulceration in the digestive tract, primarily the small intestine. This inflammation can lead to scar tissue formation, narrowing the intestinal lumen and causing various symptoms.

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Bladder Muscle and Constipation

Smooth muscle is found in the bladder, and its contraction plays a crucial role in urination. Medications that block smooth muscle contraction can slow down peristalsis, leading to constipation.

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Bone Building Nutrients

Calcium, vitamin D, and protein are crucial nutrients for bone health. Increasing their intake through diet and supplements supports bone growth and strengthens bones. Examples include dairy products, leafy greens, fatty fish, nuts, and beans.

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Bone Loss Factors

A diet low in calcium, lack of physical activity, and habits like smoking and excessive alcohol consumption contribute to bone loss. These factors weaken bones, increasing the risk of fractures and osteoporosis.

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Brittle Bone Disease

Brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta) is caused by a lack of collagen in bones, leading to weak and brittle bones. Collagen provides structural support and strength, and its absence makes bones more susceptible to fractures.

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Study Notes

Exam Structure & Content

  • Exam format: Multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, short answer, drawings, and essays. Heavy emphasis on integrated systems.
  • Review previous tests (Tests 1-3).
  • Review course goals, themes, and study recommendations.
  • Review core body systems and concepts: scientific method, homeostasis, chemistry of life, cell structure & function, body organization, integumentary, cardiovascular, lymphatic, immune, digestive/nutrition, respiratory, urinary, and skeletal systems.
  • Review bones & skeletal structure.

Skeletal System Details

  • Growth Plate (Epiphyseal Plate): Site of bone growth.
  • Bone Marrow:
    • Yellow bone marrow: Located in the medullary cavity.
    • Red bone marrow: Creates blood cells.
  • Bone Cells:
    • Osteocytes: Maintain bone.
    • Osteoclasts: Break down bone.
    • Osteoblasts: Form bone.
  • Bone Structure:
    • Osteon: Functional unit of compact bone.
    • Trabeculae: Thin columns/plates in spongy bone.
    • Compact bone: Hard, outer layer of bone.
    • Spongy bone: Contains red bone marrow.
    • Medullary cavity: Contains yellow bone marrow.
    • Central canal: Passageway through bone.
    • Periosteum: Covers bone (except ends).
  • Bone Functions:
    • Support/protection
    • Blood cell production
    • Mineral storage (calcium phosphate)
    • Movement
  • Bone Structure Parts: Cartilage, spongy bone, compact bone, osteocytes, matrix, chambers, canals, blood vessels, nerves, yellow/red bone marrow.
  • Bone Strength/Flexibility: Collagen + calcium phosphate
  • Bone Growth & Repair: Process involves osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and potential disorders like osteoporosis. Crucial role of cartilage (like epiphyseal plates).
  • Bone Ossification: Intramembranous (fibrous tissue) and endochondral (cartilage model) ossification. Bone growth at epiphyseal plates; affected by vitamins, hormones (D, GH, sex hormones).
  • Calcium Regulation: Crucial mineral regulated by bone remodeling.
  • Joints: Basic structure and roles of cartilage. Cartilage absorbs shock and prevents joint damage.

Bone Health & Influences

  • Growth Hormone (GH): Important for bone growth/maintenance.
  • Calcium: Crucial for bone structure/maintenance - increase
  • Vitamin D: Facilitates calcium absorption – regulates levels
  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Stimulates bone resorption – regulates levels
  • Calcitonin: Blocks osteoclast activity (bone breakdown) - decrease
  • Healthy habits for bone health: Calcium-rich foods & regular activity.

Axial/Appendicular Skeleton

  • Review the components of the axial and appendicular skeletons.

Ethics & Morality

  • Review principles of ethical decision-making: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice.
  • Discuss natural law theory, utilitarian theory, deontological theory, and virtue theory as methods for moral problem-solving.

Systems Interactions - Tissue Types & ECM

  • Discuss how different body systems use various tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle).
  • Explain how different body systems utilize the extracellular matrix (ECM) in their functions (tissue stability, cell communication, etc.).

Transport & Homeostasis

  • Examples of active and passive transport in specific body systems (with diagrams), particularly the urinary system (nephron) and respiratory/digestive systems.
  • Examples of negative feedback loops controlling homeostasis (e.g., CO2 & respiration). Discuss how different body systems work together to maintain homeostasis (e.g., blood pressure, calcium control).

Respiratory & Urinary/Digestive System Interplay

  • Discuss respiratory and urinary system roles in pH homeostasis.
  • Correlate the urinary system to both digestive processes and cellular respiration (waste removal & fluid balance).

Food Intolerance vs. Allergy

  • Differentiate between food intolerance (digestive effect) and food allergy (immune response).
  • Explain how the immune system's role contrasts with digestive processes in each condition.

Bloodstream & Breathing Regulation

  • Explain how the bloodstream detects and adjusts breathing rates (e.g., oxygen/CO2 levels).
  • Discuss the pathways in the circulatory system that transport calcium absorbed from the digestive system to other parts of the body.

Digestive Tract Similarities

  • Compare the structure (e.g., folds, tube shape, and their role in function) and functions of bronchioles, small intestine, and ureters.

Human Experimentation

  • Discuss the ethical and experimental pros & cons of human experimentation.
  • Describe phases of cohort studies in medical research and the context of informed consent.

Cellular Respiration & Heart Attack Effects

  • Illustrate how oxygen and glucose get to cells.
  • Explain how a heart attack impacts cellular respiration.

Smoking, Immunity & Chronic Cough

  • Explain the purpose of a smoker's cough and why non-smokers are less prone to it.
  • Describe the type of immunity received from antivenom and its effectiveness on repeated snake bites. Explain the type of immunity involved.

Lymphatic, Immune & Circulatory Systems Cooperation

  • Explain how the three systems (lymphatic, immune, and circulatory) work together in adaptive immunity.
  • Discuss how vaccines leverage this.

Breast Milk & Vaccination

  • Explain why vaccination against rubella is recommended for all children, despite the antibodies in breast milk.

Digestive Tract (Crohn's) and Bladder (Overactive)

  • Discuss symptoms likely occurring with Crohn's disease (inflammation).
  • Explain potential constipation and other side effects if medications block bladder muscle contraction in overactive bladder.

Nutritional Habits & Bone Health

  • Dietary habits promoting rapid bone repair/strength and their reasoning.
  • Dietary & lifestyle habits potentially contributing to bone loss, why, and the effects on health.

Brittle Bone Disease

  • Discuss the missing component in brittle bone disease and its effect on bone breakage.

Food Composition, Digestion & Components (Fried Chicken)

  • Identify nutritional components in fried chicken (proteins, lipids, carbs).
  • Evaluate the nutritional benefits and drawbacks of a fried chicken recipe.
  • Identify the parts of the digestive tract where different components of fried chicken are digested.

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Test your knowledge on bone tissue and its functions with this quiz. Explore questions about osteoclasts, the medullary cavity, mineral storage, and more. Perfect for students studying anatomy or biology!

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