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Questions and Answers
What is the main component of the mineralized organic matrix of bone?
What is the main component of the mineralized organic matrix of bone?
Which biological function is NOT provided by bones?
Which biological function is NOT provided by bones?
What is the primary role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in bone physiology?
What is the primary role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in bone physiology?
Which factor is primarily responsible for defective bone remodeling resulting in osteoporosis?
Which factor is primarily responsible for defective bone remodeling resulting in osteoporosis?
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What is the primary physiological function mediated by the ionized form of calcium (Ca$^{2+}$)?
What is the primary physiological function mediated by the ionized form of calcium (Ca$^{2+}$)?
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How does acidosis affect free Ca$^{2+}$ levels in the body?
How does acidosis affect free Ca$^{2+}$ levels in the body?
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What stimulates bone reabsorption and the reabsorption of Ca$^{2+}$ in the kidneys?
What stimulates bone reabsorption and the reabsorption of Ca$^{2+}$ in the kidneys?
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What does PTH stimulate the production of, which in turn promotes Ca$^{2+}$ absorption from the gut and mineralization of bone?
What does PTH stimulate the production of, which in turn promotes Ca$^{2+}$ absorption from the gut and mineralization of bone?
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What is osteoporosis characterized by?
What is osteoporosis characterized by?
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What condition can vitamin D deficiency lead to in children?
What condition can vitamin D deficiency lead to in children?
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What leads to the fusing of the epiphyseal plate in long bones?
What leads to the fusing of the epiphyseal plate in long bones?
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What continues throughout life despite the stopping of bone growth?
What continues throughout life despite the stopping of bone growth?
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What is the overall effect of vitamin D in relation to Ca$^{2+}$ and phosphate into bone?
What is the overall effect of vitamin D in relation to Ca$^{2+}$ and phosphate into bone?
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What can alter Ca$^{2+}$ availability and decrease bone mineralization?
What can alter Ca$^{2+}$ availability and decrease bone mineralization?
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What controls free Ca$^{2+}$ in the body by promoting its binding to proteins during alkalosis?
What controls free Ca$^{2+}$ in the body by promoting its binding to proteins during alkalosis?
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What hormone plays a crucial role in controlling plasma Ca$^{2+}$ levels and bone mineralization?
What hormone plays a crucial role in controlling plasma Ca$^{2+}$ levels and bone mineralization?
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What is the main component of the microstructure of cortical bone?
What is the main component of the microstructure of cortical bone?
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What is the primary type of bone in the shaft of long bones?
What is the primary type of bone in the shaft of long bones?
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At what age does the growth plate typically fuse with the metaphysis in long bones?
At what age does the growth plate typically fuse with the metaphysis in long bones?
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Which hormone is involved in controlling bone formation and mineralization?
Which hormone is involved in controlling bone formation and mineralization?
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What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone physiology?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone physiology?
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How often does bone turnover occur in the adult skeleton?
How often does bone turnover occur in the adult skeleton?
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What is crucial for various physiological functions such as neurotransmitter release and muscle contraction?
What is crucial for various physiological functions such as neurotransmitter release and muscle contraction?
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In what form does calcium exist in body fluids?
In what form does calcium exist in body fluids?
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What initiates mineralization and promotes bone formation?
What initiates mineralization and promotes bone formation?
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What is the primary type of bone in the epiphysis/metaphysis of long bones?
What is the primary type of bone in the epiphysis/metaphysis of long bones?
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What is responsible for adaptation to mechanical loading and fracture healing in bone remodeling?
What is responsible for adaptation to mechanical loading and fracture healing in bone remodeling?
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What is the primary type of bone in the adult skeleton?
What is the primary type of bone in the adult skeleton?
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Study Notes
Bone Structure and Regulation
- Bone is composed of two types: compact (cortical) bone, which is dense and makes up about 80% of human bone, and trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone, which is spongy and has high porosity.
- Long bones have a diaphysis (shaft) made of cortical bone and epiphysis/metaphysis made of trabecular bone.
- Bone growth occurs at the growth plate until around age 18 when it fuses with the metaphysis.
- Bone formation starts with cartilage modeling and then mineralization through ossification, controlled by growth hormone and IGF-1.
- The microstructure of cortical bone consists of osteons, concentric circles of collagen around blood vessels, mineralized with hydroxyapatite.
- Bone contains three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, each with specific functions in bone formation and remodeling.
- Osteoblasts promote bone formation by laying down osteoid and initiating mineralization, while osteocytes transfer minerals and sense mechanical load.
- Osteoclasts are responsible for bone reabsorption by resorbing mineralized bone and creating resorption pits.
- Bone turnover in the adult skeleton occurs every 10 years with about 1 million basic multicellular units (BMUs) operating at any time.
- Bone remodeling involves a balance of mineralization through activation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, allowing adaptation to mechanical loading and fracture healing.
- Calcium movement across membranes is crucial for various physiological functions such as neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, and hormone secretion.
- Calcium in body fluids exists in three forms: ionized (free), bound to protein, and bound to small anions, with different percentages in each form.
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Description
Test your knowledge of bone structure and regulation with this quiz. Explore the composition of bone, bone growth and formation, the role of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, bone remodeling, and the importance of calcium in physiological functions.
