Bone Formation and Remodeling Quiz

<p>The yellow marrow in adult bones contains adipose tissues and adipocytes for fat storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In epiphyses and short, flat, and irregular bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communication through canaliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Under periosteum and diaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skull and clavicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts and osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epiphyseal plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proliferative zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epiphyseal plate narrows and eventually disappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appositional growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resorption of old bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal bone growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone modeling occurs at the surface, while bone remodeling involves resorption and deposition of bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the perichondrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flat bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medullary cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoprogenitor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide flexibility and tensile strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Act as levers for muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce friction and absorb shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the spongy bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood cell formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outer surface of bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesize and secrete the collagen framework and mineral/calcium salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the epiphyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating mineral deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the epiphyses of long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing flexibility and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breaking down old bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covering the bone surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cartilage is replaced by bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flat bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing friction and absorbing shock at joint surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect and support against compressive forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cover the outer surface of bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inorganic salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flat bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epiphyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain bone matrix and mineral concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The six functions of bone tissue include support, protection, hemopoiesis/red blood cell production, mineral homeostasis, fat/triglyceride storage, and assistance in generating movement. The components of the skeletal system consist of bones, which are dense connective tissues that primarily provide hardness and strength, and cartilage, which mainly provides flexibility or smooth surfaces for bones to move against each other, reduce friction, and absorb shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones can be classified based on their shape into long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Based on their location, bones can be classified as axial bones (e.g., skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular bones (e.g., upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and pelvic girdle).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ossification is the process of bone formation, initiated by mesenchymal cells forming a template. Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones, while endochondral ossification forms long and irregular bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteocytes in lacunae communicate through canaliculi and receive nutrients. Their function is to maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compact bone is denser, arranged in osteons, and found under periosteum and in the diaphysis of long bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spongy bone is less dense, made of trabeculae, and found in epiphyses and short, flat, and irregular bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption and maintaining bone matrix and mineral concentrations by releasing enzymes. They are derived from monocytes and macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcification is the process of inorganic salt crystals depositing on collagen fibers. It contributes to the strength and rigidity of bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones have a dynamic nature, constantly forming new tissues and dissolving old ones. This is achieved through processes such as ossification, resorption, and remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly from fibrous connective tissue membrane, while endochondral ossification forms long and irregular bones by replacing hyaline cartilage with bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four types of bone cells are osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Their functions include bone formation, maintenance, and remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteocytes in lacunae communicate through canaliculi and receive nutrients, allowing them to maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compact bone is denser, arranged in osteons, and found under periosteum and in the diaphysis of long bones, while spongy bone is less dense, made of trabeculae, and found in epiphyses and short, flat, and irregular bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption and maintaining bone matrix and mineral concentrations by releasing enzymes. They are derived from monocytes and macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle directly from fibrous connective tissue membrane, while endochondral ossification occurs in most bones and replaces a hyaline cartilage model with bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The last bones to ossify by intramembranous ossification are the flat bones of the face at the end of adolescence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification involves the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, formation of a hyaline cartilage model, enlargement of central chondrocytes, penetration of capillaries into the cartilage, and continued growth of cartilage and chondrocytes at the ends of the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone grows in length at the epiphyseal plate and in thickness by appositional growth, eventually completing growth in length when the epiphyseal plate closes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts add new bone material on the outer surface, while osteoclasts break down bone from the inside, increasing the diameter of the medullary cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification is responsible for bone growth in both length and thickness, involving the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone tissue and the continuous growth of cartilage and chondrocytes at the ends of the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of endochondral ossification leads to the establishment of the primary ossification center in the bone and the formation of the medullary cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone tissue by the time of birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts add new bone material on the outer surface, contributing to bone growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification occurs in most bones, replacing a hyaline cartilage model with bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes and contribute to the formation of a hyaline cartilage model in the process of endochondral ossification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The last bones to ossify by intramembranous ossification are the flat bones of the face at the end of adolescence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five steps of endochondral ossification are: differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, formation of the cartilage model and perichondrium, penetration of capillaries, development of primary ossification center, and development of secondary ossification centers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epiphyseal plate is responsible for longitudinal bone growth. During puberty, it narrows and eventually disappears, leading to epiphyseal closure and leaving behind the epiphyseal line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four zones of the epiphyseal plate are: reserve zone, proliferative zone, maturation and hypertrophy zone, and calcified matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, where ossification replaces cartilage and leaves behind the epiphyseal line in mature bones. Appositional growth, also known as modeling, occurs at the perichondrium, leading to an increase in bone diameter through intramembranous ossification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone remodeling is a dynamic process where old, damaged bones are resorbed by osteoclasts and replaced by new bone deposition from osteoblasts. It differs from bone modeling as it occurs on the same surface and involves both resorption and deposition of bone matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 5-10% of old bone tissue is replaced with new bone annually through the process of bone remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone growth in length stops in early adulthood due to a decrease in chondrocyte proliferation, leading to the replacement of cartilage with osseous tissue and the formation of the epiphyseal line in mature and adult bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The combined action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts leads to an increase in the width of bones through modeling, as old and damaged bone tissue is replaced with new bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appositional growth, or modeling, occurs at the perichondrium, leading to an increase in bone diameter through intramembranous ossification, contributing to the development and widening of bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of bone remodeling is responsible for the continuous replacement of old and damaged bone tissue with new bone tissue in adult life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During puberty, the epiphyseal plate narrows and eventually disappears, leading to epiphyseal closure, which signifies the end of longitudinal bone growth and the formation of the epiphyseal line in mature bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary difference between endochondral ossification and appositional growth is that endochondral ossification occurs at the epiphyseal plate, replacing cartilage and leaving behind the epiphyseal line in mature bones, while appositional growth occurs at the perichondrium, contributing to an increase in bone diameter through intramembranous ossification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The periosteum is a fibrous membrane covering the bone surface, while the endosteum lines the medullary cavity. Both are involved in bone growth and repair, with the periosteum providing a site for muscle and ligament attachment and the endosteum being involved in the deposition of new bone during growth and repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diaphysis is the long cylindrical shaft filled with yellow marrow, while the epiphyses are the wide regions filled with spongy bone and red marrow. The diaphysis provides structure and support, while the epiphyses are involved in articulation with other bones and in the production of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity of long bones and is involved in fat storage, while the red marrow fills the spaces in spongy bone and is responsible for the production of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sesamoid bones are small and round, embedded in tendons to protect and support against compressive forces. An example of a sesamoid bone is the patellae, located within the tendon of the knee.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone tissue is composed of cells embedded in a matrix of water and collagen fibers, providing a structural framework for inorganic salts to deposit on and attach to. Osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells are responsible for the production of osteoblasts, which in turn produce bone matrix. Osteocytes are mature bone cells involved in maintaining the bone matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flat bones, such as cranial and rib bones, have a thin and curved structure, providing attachment surfaces for muscles and protection of internal organs. They function in protecting vital organs and providing a surface for muscle attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irregular bones, such as facial bones and vertebrae, have a complex shape and provide protection for internal organs. They function in protecting and supporting the vital structures within the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long bones, such as the humerus and femur, act as levers for muscle movement and are involved in supporting body weight and providing mobility. They play a crucial role in skeletal movement and support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short bones, like tarsals and carpals, are cube-shaped and provide support and stability with limited movement. They function in providing stability and supporting weight distribution in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Articular cartilage covers the joint surfaces of long bones, providing a smooth and lubricated surface for low-friction movement and cushioning the ends of bones during articulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The metaphysis is the narrow region where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet, containing the growth plate in growing bones. It plays a vital role in longitudinal bone growth and the transition from cartilage to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long (humerus, femur), short (tarsals, carpals), flat (cranial bones, rib bones), irregular (facial bones, vertebrae), sesamoid (patellae)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphysis (long cylindrical shaft filled with yellow marrow), epiphyses (wide regions filled with spongy bone and red marrow), metaphyses (narrow region where epiphysis and diaphysis meet, contains growth plate), epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate, indicating the end of longitudinal bone growth), periosteum (fibrous membrane covering bone surface), endosteum (lines medullary cavity, involved in growth and repair), medullary cavity (contains yellow marrow), yellow marrow (stores fat), red marrow (site of hematopoiesis), articular cartilage (covers joint surfaces)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells are undifferentiated cells responsible for bone formation, osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete matrix components, and osteocytes are mature bone cells involved in maintaining bone matrix and detecting mechanical stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones are made of connective tissue support, with cells embedded in a matrix of water and collagen fibers, providing a structural framework for inorganic salts to deposit on and attach to, contributing to bone hardness and strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long bones act as levers for muscle movement, short bones provide support and stability, flat bones provide attachment surfaces for muscles and protect internal organs, irregular bones have a complex shape and provide protection for internal organs, and sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons to protect and support against compressive forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diaphysis provides structural support and contains yellow marrow, the epiphyses contain spongy bone and red marrow for hematopoiesis, the metaphysis contains the growth plate for longitudinal bone growth, the periosteum and endosteum are involved in growth, repair, and nutrient supply, the medullary cavity contains yellow marrow for fat storage, and the articular cartilage covers joint surfaces for smooth movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spongy bone provides structural support and houses red marrow for hematopoiesis, while articular cartilage covers joint surfaces for smooth movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are responsible for bone remodeling, with osteoclasts resorbing old bone tissue and osteoblasts depositing new bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones are made of connective tissue support with cells embedded in a matrix of water and collagen fibers, providing a structural framework for inorganic salts to deposit on and attach to, contributing to bone hardness and strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells are undifferentiated cells responsible for bone formation, osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete matrix components, and osteocytes are mature bone cells involved in maintaining bone matrix and detecting mechanical stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long bones act as levers for muscle movement, short bones provide support and stability, flat bones provide attachment surfaces for muscles and protect internal organs, irregular bones have a complex shape and provide protection for internal organs, and sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons to protect and support against compressive forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support = Provides structural framework for the body and supports posture and position, soft organs, and muscle attachment sites Protection = Protects internal organs Hemopoiesis/red blood cell production = Site of blood cell formation Mineral homeostasis = Stores and releases minerals for cardiac, muscle, nervous, enzyme, and blood physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones = Mainly provide hardness and strength Cartilage = Mainly provide flexibility, reduce friction, and absorb shock Red marrow = Site of red blood cell production Yellow marrow = Contains adipose tissues and stores fat/triglyceride for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support = Provides structural framework, posture, organ support, and muscle attachment sites Protection = Protects internal organs Hemopoiesis/red blood cell production = Site of blood cell formation Mineral homeostasis = Stores and releases minerals for physiological functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long bones = Found in the limbs, with shaft and two ends Short bones = Cube-shaped, found in wrists and ankles Flat bones = Thin and curved, protect organs Irregular bones = Miscellaneous shape, do not fit into other categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long bones = Act as levers for muscle movement Short bones = Cube-shaped and provide support and stability with limited movement Flat bones = Have a thin and curved structure, providing attachment surfaces for muscles and protection of internal organs Irregular bones = Have a complex shape and provide protection for internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphysis = Long cylindrical shaft filled with yellow marrow Epiphyses = Wide regions filled with spongy bone and red marrow Metaphysis = Narrow region where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet, containing the growth plate in growing bones Periosteum = Fibrous membrane covering the bone surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yellow marrow = Found in the medullary cavity of long bones Red marrow = Fills the spaces in spongy bone Articular cartilage = Covers the joint surfaces Osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells = Types of cells found within the bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteogenic cells = Bone stem cells responsible for bone formation Osteoblasts = Responsible for bone matrix formation and mineralization Osteocytes = Regulate bone mineral homeostasis and communicate through canaliculi Osteoclasts = Derived from monocytes and macrophages, responsible for bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compact bone = Contains osteons with blood vessels, nerves, osteocytes, and canaliculi Spongy bone = Consists of trabeculae, osteocytes, lacunae, and red marrow-filled spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification = Initiated by mesenchymal cells forming a template Endochondral ossification = Initiated by a hyaline cartilage model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcification = Process of inorganic salt crystals depositing on collagen fibers Ossification = Begins with mesenchymal cells forming a template Bone remodeling = Process of bone resorption and formation to maintain bone matrix and mineral concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification = Forms flat bones directly from fibrous connective tissue membrane Endochondral ossification = Replaces hyaline cartilage with bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forms flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle directly from fibrous connective tissue membrane = Intramembranous ossification Occurs in most bones, where a hyaline cartilage model is replaced by bone tissue = Endochondral ossification The last bones to ossify are the flat bones of the face at the end of adolescence = Intramembranous ossification Responsible for bone growth in both length and thickness, involving the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone tissue = Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth in length at the epiphyseal plate and in thickness by appositional growth = Endochondral ossification Osteoblasts add new bone material on the outer surface, while osteoclasts break down bone from the inside, increasing the diameter of the medullary cavity = Both intramembranous and endochondral ossification Bone grows in length when the epiphyseal plate closes = Endochondral ossification Involves the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes and continued growth of cartilage and chondrocytes at the ends of the bone = Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification = Responsible for longitudinal bone growth Appositional growth = Leads to an increase in bone diameter through intramembranous ossification Bone modeling = Occurs at the perichondrium and increases bone diameter Bone remodeling = Involves continuous replacement of old and damaged bone tissue with new bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reserve zone = Contains resting chondrocytes that have not yet begun the process of hypertrophy Proliferative zone = Contains actively dividing chondrocytes Maturation and hypertrophy zone = Chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and mature Calcified matrix = Mineralized cartilage matrix where chondrocytes die and the matrix begins to deteriorate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts = Resorb old and damaged bone tissue Osteoblasts = Deposit new bone tissue Osteocytes = Maintain bone matrix and mineral concentrations Osteoprogenitor cells = Involved in the repair and remodeling of bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epiphyseal plate = Responsible for longitudinal bone growth and eventually disappears during puberty Epiphyseal line = Left behind in mature bones after epiphyseal closure Metaphysis = Narrow cartilaginous region between the epiphyses and diaphysis Perichondrium = Location of appositional growth that increases bone diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal bone growth = Occurs at the epiphyseal plate and replaces cartilage with osseous tissue Appositional growth = Increases bone diameter through modeling at the perichondrium Bone remodeling = Involves both resorption and deposition of bone matrix on the same surface Bone modeling = Leads to an increase in the width of bones through the combined action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes = First step of endochondral ossification Formation of the cartilage model and perichondrium = Second step of endochondral ossification Penetration of capillaries = Third step of endochondral ossification Development of secondary ossification centers = Fifth step of endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical vertebrae (C1-7) = Neck region Thoracic vertebrae (T1-12) = Upper back region Rib (R1-12) = Chest region Lumbar vertebrae (L1-5) = Lower back region</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vestigial muscles = Present in some individuals but absent in others Male and female muscles = May have the same muscle but with different purposes Total skeletal muscles = Between 600 and 840 muscles Muscles listed in the table = 761 skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonistic and Antagonistic Muscles = Often paired but can also work together in groups Groups of muscles = Work together to make or cancel a movement Relationships in the table = Not at all complete Well-known muscle relationships = Listed in the table but not comprehensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonistic and Antagonistic Muscles = Work together to create or cancel a movement Muscle count variation = Due to different grouping and gender-specific muscles Vestigial muscles = Present in some and absent in others Muscle count in the table = Based on statistical counts, ignoring gender-specific muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical vertebrae = C1-C7 Thoracic vertebrae = T1-T12 Rib = R1-R12 Lumbar vertebrae = L1-L5</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between 600 and 840 = The present table in the text lists 761 skeletal muscles Around 700 = Anatomical sources group muscles differently, with no definitive count Over 800 = There is no definitive source counting all skeletal muscles Less than 600 = There are between 600 and 840 muscles within the typical human body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonistic and Antagonistic = Muscles are often paired to either make or cancel a movement Synergistic = Groups of muscles working together to produce a movement Neutralizing = Muscles working to stabilize a joint during movement Compensatory = Muscles working to compensate for the weakness or absence of another muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Present in some people but absent in others = Vestigial muscles like the palmaris longus muscle Universal presence = Vestigial muscles found in all individuals Gender-specific = Vestigial muscles with different occurrences in males and females Functional significance = Vestigial muscles contributing to specific movements or actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>600-840</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They work together to make or cancel a movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>800</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Location of occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example answer could be T1 for a specific Thoracic vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are 761 skeletal muscles according to the table.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscles are often paired as agonistic and antagonistic, but in general, it is groups of muscles working together to either make or cancel a movement. The concept can be misleading as it oversimplifies the complex interactions of muscle groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The range exists due to different sources grouping muscles differently and the presence of vestigial muscles that are present in some people but absent in others, such as the palmaris longus muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manubrium, Body (gladiolus), Xiphoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obliquely, downward and forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.7 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protection of vital organs such as the heart and lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A congenital single round hole in the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trauma, such as in a car accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accessibility in patients with a high BMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single round hole in the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment point for some abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs in around 5% of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess tissue due to high BMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superior sternopericardial ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transversus thoracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment site for muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Where the sternum projects farthest forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xiphoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forms a notch for the reception of the costal cartilage of the second rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between the fifth and eighteenth years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly vascular tissue, covered by a thin layer of compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sternocostal joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the middle at the upper broadest part of the manubrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between the clavicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a useful landmark during physical examinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can cause fatal hemorrhage by driving into the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From two cartilaginous bars fusing together</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferior sternopericardial ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the sternocostal joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Body or gladiolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly vascular tissue and compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Body or gladiolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To form the broad upper part of the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the junction of the manubrium and body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers