Bone Formation and Remodeling Quiz

Provide flexibility and reduce friction between bones

Red marrow

Store and release minerals such as calcium and phosphorus as needed

The yellow marrow in adult bones contains adipose tissues and adipocytes for fat storage

Calcification

Osteoclasts

In epiphyses and short, flat, and irregular bones

Mesenchymal cells

Communication through canaliculi

Intramembranous ossification

Under periosteum and diaphysis

Bone formation

Compact bone

Bone resorption

Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts

Intramembranous ossification

Skull and clavicles

Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Intramembranous ossification

Epiphyseal plate

Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification

Proliferative zone

The epiphyseal plate narrows and eventually disappears

Appositional growth

Resorption of old bone tissue

5-10%

Longitudinal bone growth

Bone modeling occurs at the surface, while bone remodeling involves resorption and deposition of bone matrix

Osteocytes

Differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes

At the perichondrium

Bone remodeling

Flat bones

Medullary cavity

Osteoprogenitor cells

Provide flexibility and tensile strength

Act as levers for muscles

Epiphysis

Reduce friction and absorb shock

In the spongy bone

Short bones

Blood cell formation

Outer surface of bone

Synthesize and secrete the collagen framework and mineral/calcium salts

Osteocytes

In the epiphyses

Facilitating mineral deposition

In the epiphyses of long bones

Providing flexibility and support

Intramembranous ossification

Breaking down old bone tissue

Covering the bone surface

Cartilage is replaced by bone tissue

Flat bones

Reducing friction and absorbing shock at joint surfaces

Osteoclasts

Short bones

To protect and support against compressive forces

To cover the outer surface of bones

In the bone matrix

Metaphysis

Inorganic salts

Endosteum

Flat bones

Red marrow

Epiphyses

To maintain bone matrix and mineral concentrations

Diaphysis

The six functions of bone tissue include support, protection, hemopoiesis/red blood cell production, mineral homeostasis, fat/triglyceride storage, and assistance in generating movement. The components of the skeletal system consist of bones, which are dense connective tissues that primarily provide hardness and strength, and cartilage, which mainly provides flexibility or smooth surfaces for bones to move against each other, reduce friction, and absorb shock.

Bones can be classified based on their shape into long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Based on their location, bones can be classified as axial bones (e.g., skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular bones (e.g., upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and pelvic girdle).

Ossification is the process of bone formation, initiated by mesenchymal cells forming a template. Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones, while endochondral ossification forms long and irregular bones.

Osteocytes in lacunae communicate through canaliculi and receive nutrients. Their function is to maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral concentrations.

Compact bone is denser, arranged in osteons, and found under periosteum and in the diaphysis of long bones.

Spongy bone is less dense, made of trabeculae, and found in epiphyses and short, flat, and irregular bones.

Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption and maintaining bone matrix and mineral concentrations by releasing enzymes. They are derived from monocytes and macrophages.

Calcification is the process of inorganic salt crystals depositing on collagen fibers. It contributes to the strength and rigidity of bone tissue.

Bones have a dynamic nature, constantly forming new tissues and dissolving old ones. This is achieved through processes such as ossification, resorption, and remodeling.

Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly from fibrous connective tissue membrane, while endochondral ossification forms long and irregular bones by replacing hyaline cartilage with bone tissue.

The four types of bone cells are osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Their functions include bone formation, maintenance, and remodeling.

Osteocytes in lacunae communicate through canaliculi and receive nutrients, allowing them to maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral concentrations.

Compact bone is denser, arranged in osteons, and found under periosteum and in the diaphysis of long bones, while spongy bone is less dense, made of trabeculae, and found in epiphyses and short, flat, and irregular bones.

Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption and maintaining bone matrix and mineral concentrations by releasing enzymes. They are derived from monocytes and macrophages.

Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle directly from fibrous connective tissue membrane, while endochondral ossification occurs in most bones and replaces a hyaline cartilage model with bone tissue.

The last bones to ossify by intramembranous ossification are the flat bones of the face at the end of adolescence.

Endochondral ossification involves the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, formation of a hyaline cartilage model, enlargement of central chondrocytes, penetration of capillaries into the cartilage, and continued growth of cartilage and chondrocytes at the ends of the bone.

Bone grows in length at the epiphyseal plate and in thickness by appositional growth, eventually completing growth in length when the epiphyseal plate closes.

Osteoblasts add new bone material on the outer surface, while osteoclasts break down bone from the inside, increasing the diameter of the medullary cavity.

Endochondral ossification is responsible for bone growth in both length and thickness, involving the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone tissue and the continuous growth of cartilage and chondrocytes at the ends of the bone.

The process of endochondral ossification leads to the establishment of the primary ossification center in the bone and the formation of the medullary cavity.

Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone tissue by the time of birth.

Osteoblasts add new bone material on the outer surface, contributing to bone growth.

Endochondral ossification occurs in most bones, replacing a hyaline cartilage model with bone tissue.

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes and contribute to the formation of a hyaline cartilage model in the process of endochondral ossification.

The last bones to ossify by intramembranous ossification are the flat bones of the face at the end of adolescence.

The five steps of endochondral ossification are: differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, formation of the cartilage model and perichondrium, penetration of capillaries, development of primary ossification center, and development of secondary ossification centers.

The epiphyseal plate is responsible for longitudinal bone growth. During puberty, it narrows and eventually disappears, leading to epiphyseal closure and leaving behind the epiphyseal line.

The four zones of the epiphyseal plate are: reserve zone, proliferative zone, maturation and hypertrophy zone, and calcified matrix.

Longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, where ossification replaces cartilage and leaves behind the epiphyseal line in mature bones. Appositional growth, also known as modeling, occurs at the perichondrium, leading to an increase in bone diameter through intramembranous ossification.

Bone remodeling is a dynamic process where old, damaged bones are resorbed by osteoclasts and replaced by new bone deposition from osteoblasts. It differs from bone modeling as it occurs on the same surface and involves both resorption and deposition of bone matrix.

Approximately 5-10% of old bone tissue is replaced with new bone annually through the process of bone remodeling.

Bone growth in length stops in early adulthood due to a decrease in chondrocyte proliferation, leading to the replacement of cartilage with osseous tissue and the formation of the epiphyseal line in mature and adult bones.

The combined action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts leads to an increase in the width of bones through modeling, as old and damaged bone tissue is replaced with new bone tissue.

Appositional growth, or modeling, occurs at the perichondrium, leading to an increase in bone diameter through intramembranous ossification, contributing to the development and widening of bones.

The process of bone remodeling is responsible for the continuous replacement of old and damaged bone tissue with new bone tissue in adult life.

During puberty, the epiphyseal plate narrows and eventually disappears, leading to epiphyseal closure, which signifies the end of longitudinal bone growth and the formation of the epiphyseal line in mature bones.

The primary difference between endochondral ossification and appositional growth is that endochondral ossification occurs at the epiphyseal plate, replacing cartilage and leaving behind the epiphyseal line in mature bones, while appositional growth occurs at the perichondrium, contributing to an increase in bone diameter through intramembranous ossification.

The periosteum is a fibrous membrane covering the bone surface, while the endosteum lines the medullary cavity. Both are involved in bone growth and repair, with the periosteum providing a site for muscle and ligament attachment and the endosteum being involved in the deposition of new bone during growth and repair.

The diaphysis is the long cylindrical shaft filled with yellow marrow, while the epiphyses are the wide regions filled with spongy bone and red marrow. The diaphysis provides structure and support, while the epiphyses are involved in articulation with other bones and in the production of red blood cells.

The yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity of long bones and is involved in fat storage, while the red marrow fills the spaces in spongy bone and is responsible for the production of red blood cells.

Sesamoid bones are small and round, embedded in tendons to protect and support against compressive forces. An example of a sesamoid bone is the patellae, located within the tendon of the knee.

Bone tissue is composed of cells embedded in a matrix of water and collagen fibers, providing a structural framework for inorganic salts to deposit on and attach to. Osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells are responsible for the production of osteoblasts, which in turn produce bone matrix. Osteocytes are mature bone cells involved in maintaining the bone matrix.

Flat bones, such as cranial and rib bones, have a thin and curved structure, providing attachment surfaces for muscles and protection of internal organs. They function in protecting vital organs and providing a surface for muscle attachment.

Irregular bones, such as facial bones and vertebrae, have a complex shape and provide protection for internal organs. They function in protecting and supporting the vital structures within the body.

Long bones, such as the humerus and femur, act as levers for muscle movement and are involved in supporting body weight and providing mobility. They play a crucial role in skeletal movement and support.

Short bones, like tarsals and carpals, are cube-shaped and provide support and stability with limited movement. They function in providing stability and supporting weight distribution in the body.

Articular cartilage covers the joint surfaces of long bones, providing a smooth and lubricated surface for low-friction movement and cushioning the ends of bones during articulation.

The metaphysis is the narrow region where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet, containing the growth plate in growing bones. It plays a vital role in longitudinal bone growth and the transition from cartilage to bone.

Long (humerus, femur), short (tarsals, carpals), flat (cranial bones, rib bones), irregular (facial bones, vertebrae), sesamoid (patellae)

Diaphysis (long cylindrical shaft filled with yellow marrow), epiphyses (wide regions filled with spongy bone and red marrow), metaphyses (narrow region where epiphysis and diaphysis meet, contains growth plate), epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate, indicating the end of longitudinal bone growth), periosteum (fibrous membrane covering bone surface), endosteum (lines medullary cavity, involved in growth and repair), medullary cavity (contains yellow marrow), yellow marrow (stores fat), red marrow (site of hematopoiesis), articular cartilage (covers joint surfaces)

Osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells are undifferentiated cells responsible for bone formation, osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete matrix components, and osteocytes are mature bone cells involved in maintaining bone matrix and detecting mechanical stress

Bones are made of connective tissue support, with cells embedded in a matrix of water and collagen fibers, providing a structural framework for inorganic salts to deposit on and attach to, contributing to bone hardness and strength.

Long bones act as levers for muscle movement, short bones provide support and stability, flat bones provide attachment surfaces for muscles and protect internal organs, irregular bones have a complex shape and provide protection for internal organs, and sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons to protect and support against compressive forces.

The diaphysis provides structural support and contains yellow marrow, the epiphyses contain spongy bone and red marrow for hematopoiesis, the metaphysis contains the growth plate for longitudinal bone growth, the periosteum and endosteum are involved in growth, repair, and nutrient supply, the medullary cavity contains yellow marrow for fat storage, and the articular cartilage covers joint surfaces for smooth movement.

Spongy bone provides structural support and houses red marrow for hematopoiesis, while articular cartilage covers joint surfaces for smooth movement.

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are responsible for bone remodeling, with osteoclasts resorbing old bone tissue and osteoblasts depositing new bone tissue.

Bones are made of connective tissue support with cells embedded in a matrix of water and collagen fibers, providing a structural framework for inorganic salts to deposit on and attach to, contributing to bone hardness and strength.

Osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells are undifferentiated cells responsible for bone formation, osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete matrix components, and osteocytes are mature bone cells involved in maintaining bone matrix and detecting mechanical stress.

Long bones act as levers for muscle movement, short bones provide support and stability, flat bones provide attachment surfaces for muscles and protect internal organs, irregular bones have a complex shape and provide protection for internal organs, and sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons to protect and support against compressive forces.

Support = Provides structural framework for the body and supports posture and position, soft organs, and muscle attachment sites Protection = Protects internal organs Hemopoiesis/red blood cell production = Site of blood cell formation Mineral homeostasis = Stores and releases minerals for cardiac, muscle, nervous, enzyme, and blood physiology

Bones = Mainly provide hardness and strength Cartilage = Mainly provide flexibility, reduce friction, and absorb shock Red marrow = Site of red blood cell production Yellow marrow = Contains adipose tissues and stores fat/triglyceride for energy

Support = Provides structural framework, posture, organ support, and muscle attachment sites Protection = Protects internal organs Hemopoiesis/red blood cell production = Site of blood cell formation Mineral homeostasis = Stores and releases minerals for physiological functions

Long bones = Found in the limbs, with shaft and two ends Short bones = Cube-shaped, found in wrists and ankles Flat bones = Thin and curved, protect organs Irregular bones = Miscellaneous shape, do not fit into other categories

Long bones = Act as levers for muscle movement Short bones = Cube-shaped and provide support and stability with limited movement Flat bones = Have a thin and curved structure, providing attachment surfaces for muscles and protection of internal organs Irregular bones = Have a complex shape and provide protection for internal organs

Diaphysis = Long cylindrical shaft filled with yellow marrow Epiphyses = Wide regions filled with spongy bone and red marrow Metaphysis = Narrow region where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet, containing the growth plate in growing bones Periosteum = Fibrous membrane covering the bone surface

Yellow marrow = Found in the medullary cavity of long bones Red marrow = Fills the spaces in spongy bone Articular cartilage = Covers the joint surfaces Osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells = Types of cells found within the bone matrix

Osteogenic cells = Bone stem cells responsible for bone formation Osteoblasts = Responsible for bone matrix formation and mineralization Osteocytes = Regulate bone mineral homeostasis and communicate through canaliculi Osteoclasts = Derived from monocytes and macrophages, responsible for bone resorption

Compact bone = Contains osteons with blood vessels, nerves, osteocytes, and canaliculi Spongy bone = Consists of trabeculae, osteocytes, lacunae, and red marrow-filled spaces

Intramembranous ossification = Initiated by mesenchymal cells forming a template Endochondral ossification = Initiated by a hyaline cartilage model

Calcification = Process of inorganic salt crystals depositing on collagen fibers Ossification = Begins with mesenchymal cells forming a template Bone remodeling = Process of bone resorption and formation to maintain bone matrix and mineral concentrations

Intramembranous ossification = Forms flat bones directly from fibrous connective tissue membrane Endochondral ossification = Replaces hyaline cartilage with bone tissue

Forms flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle directly from fibrous connective tissue membrane = Intramembranous ossification Occurs in most bones, where a hyaline cartilage model is replaced by bone tissue = Endochondral ossification The last bones to ossify are the flat bones of the face at the end of adolescence = Intramembranous ossification Responsible for bone growth in both length and thickness, involving the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone tissue = Endochondral ossification

Growth in length at the epiphyseal plate and in thickness by appositional growth = Endochondral ossification Osteoblasts add new bone material on the outer surface, while osteoclasts break down bone from the inside, increasing the diameter of the medullary cavity = Both intramembranous and endochondral ossification Bone grows in length when the epiphyseal plate closes = Endochondral ossification Involves the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes and continued growth of cartilage and chondrocytes at the ends of the bone = Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification = Responsible for longitudinal bone growth Appositional growth = Leads to an increase in bone diameter through intramembranous ossification Bone modeling = Occurs at the perichondrium and increases bone diameter Bone remodeling = Involves continuous replacement of old and damaged bone tissue with new bone tissue

Reserve zone = Contains resting chondrocytes that have not yet begun the process of hypertrophy Proliferative zone = Contains actively dividing chondrocytes Maturation and hypertrophy zone = Chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and mature Calcified matrix = Mineralized cartilage matrix where chondrocytes die and the matrix begins to deteriorate

Osteoclasts = Resorb old and damaged bone tissue Osteoblasts = Deposit new bone tissue Osteocytes = Maintain bone matrix and mineral concentrations Osteoprogenitor cells = Involved in the repair and remodeling of bone tissue

Epiphyseal plate = Responsible for longitudinal bone growth and eventually disappears during puberty Epiphyseal line = Left behind in mature bones after epiphyseal closure Metaphysis = Narrow cartilaginous region between the epiphyses and diaphysis Perichondrium = Location of appositional growth that increases bone diameter

Longitudinal bone growth = Occurs at the epiphyseal plate and replaces cartilage with osseous tissue Appositional growth = Increases bone diameter through modeling at the perichondrium Bone remodeling = Involves both resorption and deposition of bone matrix on the same surface Bone modeling = Leads to an increase in the width of bones through the combined action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes = First step of endochondral ossification Formation of the cartilage model and perichondrium = Second step of endochondral ossification Penetration of capillaries = Third step of endochondral ossification Development of secondary ossification centers = Fifth step of endochondral ossification

Cervical vertebrae (C1-7) = Neck region Thoracic vertebrae (T1-12) = Upper back region Rib (R1-12) = Chest region Lumbar vertebrae (L1-5) = Lower back region

Vestigial muscles = Present in some individuals but absent in others Male and female muscles = May have the same muscle but with different purposes Total skeletal muscles = Between 600 and 840 muscles Muscles listed in the table = 761 skeletal muscles

Agonistic and Antagonistic Muscles = Often paired but can also work together in groups Groups of muscles = Work together to make or cancel a movement Relationships in the table = Not at all complete Well-known muscle relationships = Listed in the table but not comprehensive

Agonistic and Antagonistic Muscles = Work together to create or cancel a movement Muscle count variation = Due to different grouping and gender-specific muscles Vestigial muscles = Present in some and absent in others Muscle count in the table = Based on statistical counts, ignoring gender-specific muscles

Cervical vertebrae = C1-C7 Thoracic vertebrae = T1-T12 Rib = R1-R12 Lumbar vertebrae = L1-L5

Between 600 and 840 = The present table in the text lists 761 skeletal muscles Around 700 = Anatomical sources group muscles differently, with no definitive count Over 800 = There is no definitive source counting all skeletal muscles Less than 600 = There are between 600 and 840 muscles within the typical human body

Agonistic and Antagonistic = Muscles are often paired to either make or cancel a movement Synergistic = Groups of muscles working together to produce a movement Neutralizing = Muscles working to stabilize a joint during movement Compensatory = Muscles working to compensate for the weakness or absence of another muscle

Present in some people but absent in others = Vestigial muscles like the palmaris longus muscle Universal presence = Vestigial muscles found in all individuals Gender-specific = Vestigial muscles with different occurrences in males and females Functional significance = Vestigial muscles contributing to specific movements or actions

600-840

In the epiphysis

They work together to make or cancel a movement

Mesenchymal cells

800

Metaphysis

Mesenchymal cells

Location of occurrence

An example answer could be T1 for a specific Thoracic vertebrae.

There are 761 skeletal muscles according to the table.

Muscles are often paired as agonistic and antagonistic, but in general, it is groups of muscles working together to either make or cancel a movement. The concept can be misleading as it oversimplifies the complex interactions of muscle groups.

The range exists due to different sources grouping muscles differently and the presence of vestigial muscles that are present in some people but absent in others, such as the palmaris longus muscle.

To protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury

Manubrium, Body (gladiolus), Xiphoid process

Obliquely, downward and forward

1.7 cm

Protection of vital organs such as the heart and lungs

A congenital single round hole in the sternum

Trauma, such as in a car accident

Accessibility in patients with a high BMI

A single round hole in the sternum

Attachment point for some abdominal muscles

It occurs in around 5% of the population

Excess tissue due to high BMI

Superior sternopericardial ligament

Transversus thoracis

Attachment site for muscles

Body

Where the sternum projects farthest forward

Six

Xiphoid process

Forms a notch for the reception of the costal cartilage of the second rib

Between the fifth and eighteenth years

Highly vascular tissue, covered by a thin layer of compact bone

Sternocostal joints

In the middle at the upper broadest part of the manubrium

Between the clavicles

To act as a useful landmark during physical examinations

It can cause fatal hemorrhage by driving into the liver

From two cartilaginous bars fusing together

Inferior sternopericardial ligament

At the sternocostal joints

Body or gladiolus

Highly vascular tissue and compact bone

Body or gladiolus

To form the broad upper part of the sternum

At the junction of the manubrium and body

Six