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Questions and Answers
What is the basic structural unit of compact bone?
What is the basic structural unit of compact bone?
Which of the following correctly describes concentric lamellae?
Which of the following correctly describes concentric lamellae?
What do lacunae contain in compact bone?
What do lacunae contain in compact bone?
Which structure connects the lacunae within the osteon?
Which structure connects the lacunae within the osteon?
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What are interstitial lamellae?
What are interstitial lamellae?
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Which component fills the spaces in trabecular bone?
Which component fills the spaces in trabecular bone?
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What are trabeculae in spongy bone primarily composed of?
What are trabeculae in spongy bone primarily composed of?
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What distinguishes spongy bone from compact bone?
What distinguishes spongy bone from compact bone?
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What is the primary site of hemopoiesis during early fetal development?
What is the primary site of hemopoiesis during early fetal development?
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At what age does medullary hemopoiesis mainly occur in membranous bones?
At what age does medullary hemopoiesis mainly occur in membranous bones?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating erythropoiesis?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating erythropoiesis?
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Which of the following correctly describes extramedullary hemopoiesis?
Which of the following correctly describes extramedullary hemopoiesis?
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What type of blood cell formation occurs in the liver during fetal development?
What type of blood cell formation occurs in the liver during fetal development?
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What role do the spleen and lymphatic tissues play at the end of the second trimester?
What role do the spleen and lymphatic tissues play at the end of the second trimester?
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What condition may cause erythropoietin to be used in 'blood doping' by athletes?
What condition may cause erythropoietin to be used in 'blood doping' by athletes?
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What type of cartilage joins the bones in a synchondrosis?
What type of cartilage joins the bones in a synchondrosis?
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Which statement accurately describes a synostosis?
Which statement accurately describes a synostosis?
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What component of synovial fluid is responsible for lubricating joints?
What component of synovial fluid is responsible for lubricating joints?
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Which type of joint is categorized as an amphiarthrosis?
Which type of joint is categorized as an amphiarthrosis?
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What is the main characteristic that defines fibrous joints?
What is the main characteristic that defines fibrous joints?
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In adults, what is referred to as the epiphyseal line?
In adults, what is referred to as the epiphyseal line?
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Which of the following joints is considered a diarthrosis?
Which of the following joints is considered a diarthrosis?
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Which joint type is categorized based on its function and allows no movement?
Which joint type is categorized based on its function and allows no movement?
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What type of joint does the periodontal ligament represent?
What type of joint does the periodontal ligament represent?
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Which of the following is classified as an Amphiarthrosis?
Which of the following is classified as an Amphiarthrosis?
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What transformation occurs to sutures in the elderly?
What transformation occurs to sutures in the elderly?
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Which structure ossifies to become the epiphyseal line in adults?
Which structure ossifies to become the epiphyseal line in adults?
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What joint classification is characterized by articular cartilage and a synovial cavity?
What joint classification is characterized by articular cartilage and a synovial cavity?
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Which type of synovial joint allows for rotational movement?
Which type of synovial joint allows for rotational movement?
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At what point does the first costosternal joint typically become a synostosis?
At what point does the first costosternal joint typically become a synostosis?
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Which of the following joint types does NOT allow for movement?
Which of the following joint types does NOT allow for movement?
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What movement describes the action of bending the elbow to decrease the angle between the forearm and upper arm?
What movement describes the action of bending the elbow to decrease the angle between the forearm and upper arm?
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Which movement involves turning the palms to face backward from the anatomical position?
Which movement involves turning the palms to face backward from the anatomical position?
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Which term describes moving a limb towards the midline of the body?
Which term describes moving a limb towards the midline of the body?
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What do you call the movement that results in the bottom of the foot facing away from the midline?
What do you call the movement that results in the bottom of the foot facing away from the midline?
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What is the term for the action when the shoulders move forward, such as when pushing against a wall?
What is the term for the action when the shoulders move forward, such as when pushing against a wall?
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Which of the following movements results in raising the front of the foot towards the anterior leg?
Which of the following movements results in raising the front of the foot towards the anterior leg?
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What movement involves the distal end of a limb describing a circle while the proximal end remains fixed?
What movement involves the distal end of a limb describing a circle while the proximal end remains fixed?
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Which movement involves excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range?
Which movement involves excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range?
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What is the act of bringing fingers together called?
What is the act of bringing fingers together called?
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Which movement would raise the shoulders as in a shrug?
Which movement would raise the shoulders as in a shrug?
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Study Notes
Bone Structure - Compact Bone
- Osteon (Haversion System) is the basic structural unit of compact bone.
- Concentric Lamellae are layers of bone tissue arranged in concentric circles around a Central Canal.
- Interstitial Lamellae are remnants of old osteons located between newer osteons.
- Lacunae are small spaces within the lamellae that contain osteocytes, bone cells.
- Canaliculi are tiny tubes that connect lacunae, allowing for communication between osteocytes.
Bone Structure - Spongy Bone
- Composed of trabeculae, which are thin, interconnected rods and plates of bone tissue.
- Osteocytes are found within the trabeculae.
- Red marrow fills the spaces in some spongy bones, responsible for blood cell production.
Blood Cell Production (Hemopoiesis) - Erythrocytes
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are produced within red bone marrow.
- Erythrocytes have a lifespan of 120 days.
- 8 - 16 million erythrocytes are produced per second.
Blood Cell Production Sites
- Yolk Sac in the embryo begins blood cell production around 3-7 weeks of gestation.
- Liver, Spleen, and Lymphatic Tissues begin blood cell production toward the end of the second trimester or beginning of the third trimester.
- Red Bone Marrow is the primary site of blood cell production in all bones from late fetal life until about 5 years old.
- In adults, red bone marrow production is restricted to certain bones like the sternum, ilium, vertebrae, and ribs.
Erythropoiesis
- Erythropoietin a hormone produced by the kidneys and liver stimulates erythropoiesis, red blood cell production.
- Erythropoietin is sometimes used illegally by athletes to increase red blood cell count, a practice known as "blood doping".
Classification of Joints - Based on Structure
-
Fibrous Joints have no joint cavity and are connected by collagenous fibers.
- Sutures (immovable) are found between bones of the skull and become synostoses (bony joints) in the elderly.
- Syndesmoses (slightly movable) have an interosseous membrane or ligament, like the radioulnar and tibiofibular joints.
- Gomphoses (immovable) are found between teeth and the socket in the jaw, anchored by a periodontal ligament.
-
Cartilagenous Joints have a joint cavity filled with cartilage.
- Synchondroses (slightly movable) are connected by hyaline cartilage, like the epiphyseal plate in children and the 1st costosternal joint.
- Symphyses (slightly movable) are connected by fibrocartilage, like the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs.
-
Synostoses are bony joints that develop from ossification of fibrous or cartilaginous joints.
- Examples include the frontal bone in adults, the mandible in adults, and the epiphyseal line in adults.
-
Synovial Joints have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, a type of diarthrosis (freely movable joint).
- They have articular cartilage, a synovial capsule, and synovial fluid that lubricates the joint. Examples include the elbow, knee, jaw, hip, and shoulder.
Classification of Joints - Based on Function
- Synarthrosis (immovable joint)
- Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint)
- Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)
Types of Synovial Joints - Based on Shape and Axis
- Plane Joints (nonaxial gliding joints) allow for movement in multiple planes, like intercarpal, intertarsal, and vertebrocostal joints.
- Hinge Joints (uniaxial) allow for movement in one plane, like the elbow, knee, and interphalangeal joints.
- Pivot Joints (uniaxial) allow for rotation around a central axis, like the atlantoaxial joint (dens with atlas) and the proximal radioulnar joint.
Movement of Synovial Joints
- Flexion decreases the angle between bones (bending the limb)
- Extension increases the angle between bones (straightening the limb)
- Hyperextension extends a joint beyond its normal range of motion
- Abduction moves a body part away from the midline
- Adduction moves a body part towards the midline
- Rotation twists a body part around its axis.
- Circumduction moves the distal end of a limb in a circle while the proximal end remains stationary.
- Pronation rotates the forearm so that the palm faces backwards (palms down).
- Supination rotates the forearm so that the palm faces forward (palms up).
- Inversion turns the bottom/sole of the foot towards the midline.
- Eversion turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline.
- Dorsiflexion lifts the front of the foot towards the anterior leg.
- Plantar Flexion points the front of the foot downwards.
- Protraction moves a body part forward.
- Retraction moves a body part backward.
- Depression moves a body part downwards.
- Elevation moves a body part upwards.
- Excursion (lateral and medial) moves the mandible side ways.
- Opposition brings the thumb to touch the fingertips.
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Description
Test your understanding of the structure of bones, including the differences between compact and spongy bone. Additionally, assess your knowledge of erythrocyte production within the red bone marrow. Dive into the details of osteons, lamellae, and the role of erythrocytes in blood cell production.
