Bone Structure and Function Quiz

Bone Structure and Function

• Bone is a specialized connective tissue forming the endoskeleton
• Bone functions include mechanical support, protection, and the transmission of muscular movements

Bone Types

• Cortical (compact) bone: dense and strong, found where support is needed (outer layer of bones, shafts of tubular bones, articular surfaces).
• Cancellous (spongy, trabecular) bone: makes up the interior meshwork of bones (ends of tubular bones, body of vertebrae)

Fractures

• Definition: A break in the structural continuity of the bone
• Mechanism of Injury:
  • Direct force
  • Indirect force
  • Combined force
• Type of force:
  • Single strong force leading to classical fractures.
  • Repeated minor force leading to stress fractures.
  • Normal daily force can cause pathological fractures

Types of Fractures

• Incomplete fractures:
  • Crack
  • Buckle fracture
  • Greenstick fracture
  • Compression (impacted) fracture
• Complete fractures:
  • 2 fragment fractures (transverse, oblique, spiral)
  • 3 fragment fractures (butterfly, segmental)

  • 3 fragment fractures (comminuted)

Fracture Displacement

• Causes: same mechanism of injury, gravity, pulling of attached muscles
• Types of displacement:
  • Shift (translation)
  • Tilt (angulation)
  • Twist (rotation)
  • Length (shortening, lengthening)

Fracture Healing

• Stages of healing:
  • Hematoma formation
  • Inflammation and granulation tissue formation
  • Callus formation
  • Consolidation
  • Remodeling

Clinical Features of a Fracture

• History (symptoms): pain, swelling, deformity, limitation of movement, loss of function, bruising
• Examination (signs): Look (swelling, deformity, bruising, wound), Feel (bone tenderness, crepitus), Move (don't move unless distal to site of injury), assess neuro-vascular state of the limb distally

Investigations

• X-ray
• CT-scan

Treatment of Fractures

• General treatment: Analgesia, Fluid/blood replacement, Antibiotics
• Local treatment: Reduction (closed or open), Hold reduction (splint, traction, internal/external fixation), exercises + elevation

Complications of Fractures

• General: Hypovolemia, shock, DVT, pulmonary embolism, bedsores, urinary tract infection, disuse atrophy
• Early local: Vascular injury, nerve injury, visceral injury, compartment syndrome, hemarthrosis, infection, fracture blisters, pressure sores
• Late: Delayed union, Non-union, Malunion, avascular necrosis, joint stiffness, heterotopic ossification, growth disturbance, nerve entrapment, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, osteoarthritis

Common Fractures of the Upper Limb

• Clavicle fracture
• Humerus shaft fracture
• Supracondylar fracture of the distal humerus
• Colles' fracture
• Scaphoid fracture

Common Fractures of the Lower Limb

• Fracture neck of femur
• Fracture shaft of femur
• Supracondylar fracture of the distal femur
• Fracture proximal end of fibula
• Fracture shaft of the tibia
• Calcaneum fracture

Test your knowledge on bone structure, its functions, and the different types of fractures. This quiz covers the characteristics of cortical and cancellous bone, mechanisms of injury, and various fracture types. Perfect for students studying anatomy or physiology.