Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which function of bone is related to the protection of vital soft tissues?
Which function of bone is related to the protection of vital soft tissues?
What type of bone is primarily found in the outer wall of all bones?
What type of bone is primarily found in the outer wall of all bones?
What is a characteristic of a complete fracture?
What is a characteristic of a complete fracture?
Which type of force is primarily associated with stress fractures?
Which type of force is primarily associated with stress fractures?
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What is the first stage in the fracture healing process?
What is the first stage in the fracture healing process?
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The term 'comminuted fracture' refers to which classification?
The term 'comminuted fracture' refers to which classification?
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Which factor is NOT a cause of fracture displacement?
Which factor is NOT a cause of fracture displacement?
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Which symptom is typically associated with fractures?
Which symptom is typically associated with fractures?
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What is a common clinical feature of a clavicle fracture?
What is a common clinical feature of a clavicle fracture?
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Which complication is associated with a Colles' fracture?
Which complication is associated with a Colles' fracture?
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What type of investigation is commonly used to assess fractures?
What type of investigation is commonly used to assess fractures?
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What is a late complication of fractures?
What is a late complication of fractures?
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What is a common treatment for a fractured neck of the femur?
What is a common treatment for a fractured neck of the femur?
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What is a symptom of a scaphoid fracture?
What is a symptom of a scaphoid fracture?
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What does 'crepitus' indicate during a fracture assessment?
What does 'crepitus' indicate during a fracture assessment?
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Which of the following is a general complication of fractures?
Which of the following is a general complication of fractures?
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Study Notes
Bone Structure and Function
- Bone is a specialized connective tissue forming the endoskeleton
- Bone functions include mechanical support, protection, and the transmission of muscular movements
Bone Types
- Cortical (compact) bone: dense and strong, found where support is needed (outer layer of bones, shafts of tubular bones, articular surfaces).
- Cancellous (spongy, trabecular) bone: makes up the interior meshwork of bones (ends of tubular bones, body of vertebrae)
Fractures
- Definition: A break in the structural continuity of the bone
- Mechanism of Injury:
- Direct force
- Indirect force
- Combined force
- Type of force:
- Single strong force leading to classical fractures.
- Repeated minor force leading to stress fractures.
- Normal daily force can cause pathological fractures
Types of Fractures
- Incomplete fractures:
- Crack
- Buckle fracture
- Greenstick fracture
- Compression (impacted) fracture
- Complete fractures:
- 2 fragment fractures (transverse, oblique, spiral)
- 3 fragment fractures (butterfly, segmental)
-
3 fragment fractures (comminuted)
Fracture Displacement
- Causes: same mechanism of injury, gravity, pulling of attached muscles
- Types of displacement:
- Shift (translation)
- Tilt (angulation)
- Twist (rotation)
- Length (shortening, lengthening)
Fracture Healing
- Stages of healing:
- Hematoma formation
- Inflammation and granulation tissue formation
- Callus formation
- Consolidation
- Remodeling
Clinical Features of a Fracture
- History (symptoms): pain, swelling, deformity, limitation of movement, loss of function, bruising
- Examination (signs): Look (swelling, deformity, bruising, wound), Feel (bone tenderness, crepitus), Move (don't move unless distal to site of injury), assess neuro-vascular state of the limb distally
Investigations
- X-ray
- CT-scan
Treatment of Fractures
- General treatment: Analgesia, Fluid/blood replacement, Antibiotics
- Local treatment: Reduction (closed or open), Hold reduction (splint, traction, internal/external fixation), exercises + elevation
Complications of Fractures
- General: Hypovolemia, shock, DVT, pulmonary embolism, bedsores, urinary tract infection, disuse atrophy
- Early local: Vascular injury, nerve injury, visceral injury, compartment syndrome, hemarthrosis, infection, fracture blisters, pressure sores
- Late: Delayed union, Non-union, Malunion, avascular necrosis, joint stiffness, heterotopic ossification, growth disturbance, nerve entrapment, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, osteoarthritis
Common Fractures of the Upper Limb
- Clavicle fracture
- Humerus shaft fracture
- Supracondylar fracture of the distal humerus
- Colles' fracture
- Scaphoid fracture
Common Fractures of the Lower Limb
- Fracture neck of femur
- Fracture shaft of femur
- Supracondylar fracture of the distal femur
- Fracture proximal end of fibula
- Fracture shaft of the tibia
- Calcaneum fracture
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Description
Test your knowledge on bone structure, its functions, and the different types of fractures. This quiz covers the characteristics of cortical and cancellous bone, mechanisms of injury, and various fracture types. Perfect for students studying anatomy or physiology.
