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Questions and Answers
How many bones make up the adult human skeleton?
How many bones make up the adult human skeleton?
The two basic types of bone tissue are compact and spongy.
The two basic types of bone tissue are compact and spongy.
True
What are osteocytes?
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells
The ________ is responsible for the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels in the blood.
The ________ is responsible for the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels in the blood.
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Match the bone classifications to their correct descriptions:
Match the bone classifications to their correct descriptions:
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Which of the following terms refers to the shaft of a long bone?
Which of the following terms refers to the shaft of a long bone?
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Hypercalcemia refers to a condition of low calcium levels in the blood.
Hypercalcemia refers to a condition of low calcium levels in the blood.
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What are the four major events involved in the repair of bone fractures?
What are the four major events involved in the repair of bone fractures?
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Study Notes
Bone Structure and Function
- Bones play five key roles in homeostasis: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
- The adult human skeleton comprises 206 bones.
- Two basic types of bone tissue are compact and spongy bone.
- Bone shapes include long (e.g., femur), short (e.g., carpal), flat (e.g., skull), irregular (e.g., vertebra), and sesamoid (e.g., patella). Different bone shapes are composed of different types of bone tissue.
Bone Structure
- Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone.
- Epiphyses: The ends of a long bone.
- Periosteum: A dense, fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone.
- Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers: Fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone.
- Epiphyseal line: The remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) in adults.
- Yellow marrow: Marrow that primarily consists of adipose tissue; found in the diaphysis of long bones.
Compact Bone Structure
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells.
- Lacunae: Small spaces that house osteocytes.
- Lamellae: Concentric rings of bone matrix surrounding central canals.
- Osteon: The basic functional unit of compact bone.
- Canaliculi: Tiny canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal.
- Central (Haversian) canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves.
- Volkmann's (perforating) canals: Canals that connect central canals to each other.
Ossification (Bone Formation)
- Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells
- Osteoclasts: Bone-resorbing cells.
- Bone formation (ossification) is a dynamic process.
- Appositional growth is an increase in bone thickness/width.
Bone Remodeling
- Bones are constantly remodeled in response to changes in mechanical stress and calcium levels in the blood.
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Released when blood calcium levels are low; stimulates osteoclast activity to release calcium from bone.
Hypercalcemia
- Hypercalcemia is a higher-than-normal level of calcium in the blood.
Fractures
- Closed (simple) fracture: Fracture that does not break the skin.
- Open (compound) fracture: Fracture that breaks the skin.
- Fracture treatment focuses on restoring the bone's alignment.
Fracture Repair
- The Four Major Events in fracture repair are:
- Formation of hematoma
- Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
- Bony callus formation
- Bone remodeling
Axial Skeleton
- Skull bones, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Bones of the limbs and girdles.
Fetal Skull
- Characteristics of the fetal skull.
Vertebral Column
- Five major regions (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)
- Abnormal spine curvatures (scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis).
Sternum
- The sternum is a fusion of three bones: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
- Sternal puncture: A procedure to obtain bone marrow samples.
Ribs
- True ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.
Joints
- Joints are classified functionally (synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic) and structurally (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial).
Synovial Joints
Distinguishing features of synovial joints:
- Articular cartilage
- Joint cavity
- Articular capsule
- Synovial fluid
- Reinforcing ligaments
- Additional stabilizing structures
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Description
Explore the intricate structure and vital functions of bone in the human body. This quiz covers various types of bone tissue, the adult skeleton, and specific components such as diaphysis and epiphyses. Understand the key roles bones play in homeostasis and their different shapes.
