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Which joints are most commonly affected by osteoarthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis results in inflammation and overgrowth of synovial membranes.
True
What type of instrument is used to examine and repair injured joints?
Arthroscope
Gouty arthritis is caused by an overproduction of ________ acid.
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Match the types of arthritis with their characteristics:
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What type of callus forms when fibrocartilage fills the spaces between broken bones?
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The process of bone remodeling replaces old bone tissue with new bone tissue.
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What is the term for a rounded, knoblike end of a bone called?
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A __ is an air space found in some skull bones.
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Match the following bone markings with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Bone Repair Process
- Fibrocartilaginous Callus: Occurs after a fracture, where fibrocartilage fills gaps between broken bones for approximately three weeks.
- Bony Callus: Fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by bony tissue, lasting 3 to 4 months.
- Remodeling: Old bone tissue is replaced with new tissue, strengthening the repair.
Bone Markings
- Projections: Include terms such as head, process, condyle, spine, and crest.
- Head: Rounded, knoblike end of a bone, distinct from the shaft by a neck.
- Process: Large projection (e.g., upper part of the ulna).
- Condyle: Rounded projection, may include an epicondyle above it.
- Spine: Sharp projection from a bone surface (e.g., scapula).
- Crest: Distinct ridge, often rough, located on bones like the hip.
Depressions and Holes
- Foramen: Hole allowing vessels or nerves to pass, plural is foramina.
- Sinus: Air space present in certain skull bones.
- Fossa: Depression on a bone surface, plural is fossae.
- Meatus: Channel or passageway, e.g., temporal bone leading to the inner ear.
Joint Disorders
- Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease primarily affecting weight-bearing joints; leads to cartilage loss and new bone growth at joint edges.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inflammatory disorder causing joint swelling and damage; results in adhesions and loss of function.
- Septic Arthritis: Joint tissue infection from bacteria via bloodstream, potentially causing chronic bone destruction.
- Gouty Arthritis: Caused by uric acid crystallization in joints, leading to inflammation and pain.
Classification of the Skeleton
- Axial Skeleton: Comprises the skull (cranial and facial bones), vertebral column, and sternum.
- Appendicular Skeleton: Includes shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula), upper extremities (arms), and pelvic bones.
Axial Skeleton
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Skull Composition:
- Cranium includes frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bones.
- Facial bones consist of mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae.
- Vertebral Column: Contains cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), and coccygeal (4) regions.
- Rib Categories: True ribs (first 7 pairs), false ribs (remaining 5 pairs, including floating ribs).
Appendicular Skeleton
- Upper Division: Comprises the shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula) and upper extremities (humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges).
- Lower Division: Contains pelvic bones (os coxae: ilium, ischium, pubis); female pelvis is lighter, wider, and more rounded.
Types of Fractures
- Closed Fracture: Simple break without external wound.
- Open Fracture: Bone breaks through the skin.
- Greenstick Fracture: One side of the bone breaks; the other side bends.
- Impacted Fracture: Broken bone ends are jammed into each other.
- Comminuted Fracture: Multiple fracture lines result in splintered or crushed bone.
- Spiral Fracture: Twisting of the bone results in a helical fracture pattern.
- Transverse Fracture: Break goes straight across the bone.
- Oblique Fracture: Break occurs at an angle to the bone.
Aging and the Skeletal System
- Calcium Loss: Aging results in decreased calcium salts and protein matrices in bone tissue.
- Height Loss: Average height loss is approximately 1.2 cm (0.5 inches) every 20 years starting at age 40, attributed mainly to intervertebral disk thinning.
Joints Classification
- Fibrous Joints: Immovable (synarthrosis); bones connected by fibrous tissue.
- Cartilaginous Joints: Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis); connected by fibrocartilage or ligaments.
- Synovial Joints: Freely movable (diarthrosis); includes various types such as gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
Synovial Joint Structure
- Joint Cavity: Contains synovial fluid for lubrication.
- Ligaments: Provide stability and hold bones together.
- Articular Cartilage: Covers bone ends, reducing friction.
- Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs that cushion and protect joints.
Synovial Joint Movements
- Flexion: Decreases the angle between joint parts.
- Extension: Increases the angle between joint parts.
- Hyperextension: Excessive extension beyond anatomical position.
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Description
This quiz covers the processes of bone repair, including the formation of fibrocartilaginous and bony calluses, as well as the various bone markings such as projections and processes. Understand the stages of bone healing and the terminology used in skeletal anatomy.
