Bone Repair and Homeostasis

Questions and Answers

What are the four bones that make up the pectoral girdle?

Two radius and two ulna

Two humerus and two carpals

Two scapulae and two clavicles (correct)

Two femurs and two tibias

Which bone serves as the only bony attachment of the scapula to the remainder of the skeleton?

Sternum

Humerus

Scapula

Clavicle (correct)

What is the anatomical term for the smooth, rounded end of a bone that forms a joint with another bone?

Fossa

Condyle (correct)

Epicondyle

Trochanter

Which bones compose the forearm?

Ulna and radius Signup and view all the answers

How many carpal bones are found in the wrist?

8 Signup and view all the answers

What muscle attachment sites are provided by the epicondyles on the humerus?

Muscles of the forearm Signup and view all the answers

The region between the shoulder and the elbow is referred to as the ____.

Arm Signup and view all the answers

Which girdle connects the lower limbs to the body?

Pelvic girdle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the epicondyles?

To serve as points of ligament attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is recognized as the major weight-bearing bone in the leg?

Tibia Signup and view all the answers

What does the tibial tuberosity provide for the anterior thigh muscles?

A place for muscle attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the ankle's tarsal bones?

Scaphoid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the metatarsal bones and the metacarpal bones?

Metatarsal bones are longer than metacarpal bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the talus in the foot's structure?

It articulates with the tibia and fibula Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines a joint?

A place where two bones come together Signup and view all the answers

Which mnemonic represents the distal row of tarsal bones?

MILC Signup and view all the answers

What defines a complete fracture?

The fracture separates the two bone fragments completely Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture is classified as open?

A fracture where the bone protrudes through the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is an incomplete fracture that occurs on the convex side of a bone called?

Greenstick fracture Signup and view all the answers

How is a comminuted fracture characterized?

It breaks the bone into more than two fragments Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture is classified if the skin is not perforated?

Closed fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of bone repair?

Hematoma formation Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as a passageway through a bone?

Foramen Signup and view all the answers

The smooth, rounded end of a bone that forms a joint with another bone is called what?

Condyle Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a depression in a bone?

Fossa Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?

Increased urinary calcium excretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a projection from a bone?

Process Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a step in the bone repair process?

Joint formation Signup and view all the answers

What structure do the thoracic vertebrae articulate with laterally?

Ribs Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebrae have large, thick bodies to support more weight?

Lumbar vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rib cage?

Protect vital organs in the thorax Signup and view all the answers

How are the true ribs defined?

They attach directly to the sternum Signup and view all the answers

Where is the sacral hiatus located?

At the inferior end of the sacrum Signup and view all the answers

What are ribs 11 and 12 commonly known as?

Floating ribs Signup and view all the answers

What is an important landmark for counting ribs?

Sternal angle Signup and view all the answers

During CPR, where should the hands be placed?

Over the body of the sternum Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Repair

Bone repair involves four key stages: hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, and bone remodeling.

Bone and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium levels in the body are regulated by three hormones:
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) from parathyroid glands
- Vitamin D from skin or diet
- Calcitonin from the thyroid gland

General Considerations in Bone Anatomy

Foramen: Hole in a bone that allows nerves or blood vessels to pass through.
Canal/Meatus: Elongated hole forming a tunnel in the bone.
Fossa: Depression or hollow area in the bone.
Tubercle/Tuberosity/Trochanter: Protrusions or lumps on a bone.
Process: Projecting feature from a bone.
Condyle: Smooth, rounded end of a bone forming a joint with another bone.
Epicondyle: Rounded protuberance for attachment of ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

Vertebral Differences

Lumbar Vertebrae: Characterized by large, thick bodies suited for weight-bearing; prone to ruptured disks.
Sacrum: Composed of five fused vertebrae; forms the median sacral crest from the first four vertebrae.

Rib Cage

Protects vital thoracic organs and maintains thoracic structure during respiration.
Comprised of thoracic vertebrae, ribs with cartilage, and the sternum.
True Ribs: Ribs 1-7 attach directly to the sternum.
False Ribs: Ribs 8-12; ribs 8-10 share a cartilage connection to the sternum, while ribs 11-12 are floating ribs.

Sternum Structure

The sternum is divided into three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
The sternal angle is an important anatomical landmark for rib counting and heart apex location.

Appendicular Skeleton

Made up of upper and lower limb bones, and girdles that attach these limbs to the axial skeleton.
The Pectoral Girdle: Consists of two scapulae and two clavicles connecting upper limbs to the body.
The Pelvic Girdle: Attaches lower limbs to the body.

Upper Limb Structure

Arm: Contains the humerus, with epicondyles for forearm muscle attachment.
Forearm: Comprises the ulna (medial) and radius (lateral).
Wrist: Consists of eight carpal bones arranged in two rows.

Lower Limb Structure

Leg: Contains two bones, tibia (weight-bearing) and fibula.
Ankle: Formed by seven tarsal bones, including the talus (ankle) and calcaneus (heel).

Joints

A joint is where two bones meet; movements can be limited or absent in some joints.

Types of Bone Fractures

Open Fracture: Bone protrudes through the skin.
Closed Fracture: Bone does not break through skin.
Complete Fracture: Total separation of bone fragments.
Incomplete Fracture: Bone remains partially intact.
Greenstick Fracture: Incomplete fracture on the convex side.
Comminuted Fracture: Bone breaks into multiple fragments.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential processes involved in bone repair, including hematoma formation and callus ossification. Additionally, it explores the role of various hormones in maintaining calcium homeostasis, crucial for bone health. Test your knowledge on these fundamental aspects of bone anatomy and physiology!