MPP: BLOCK 2: LOWERY: SKELETAL/BONE PHYS. & PHARM (PART 2 OF 4)
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary cause of bone mass accrual?

  • Increased bone resorption
  • Increased osteoblast activity (correct)
  • Increased osteoclast activity
  • Decreased osteoblast activity
  • What is a potential consequence of increased osteoclast activity?

  • Bone mass loss (correct)
  • Bone mass gain
  • Enhanced bone healing
  • Increased bone density
  • What regulates osteoclastogenesis?

  • Collagen and elastin
  • Calcium and vitamin D
  • RANKL and OPG (correct)
  • Estrogen and testosterone
  • What underlies osteopetrosis?

    <p>Defects in osteoclastogenesis or function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is secreted by activated osteoclasts that aids in bone matrix degradation?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High bone mass does not necessarily correlate with what?

    <p>Low fracture risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do osteoclasts produce that plays a role in bone resorption?

    <p>Proteases and acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the outcome of decreased osteoblast activity?

    <p>Bone mass loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption?

    <p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula that represents the relationship between bone mass and its formation and resorption rates?

    <p>Bone mass = formation rate - resorption rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of Sclerostin in bone physiology?

    <p>Inhibits osteoblast activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Growth Hormone have on bone formation?

    <p>Increases osteoblast proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition is characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the impact of osteoblasts on osteoclastogenesis?

    <p>Osteoblasts regulate osteoclast formation via signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which guidelines should be followed for initiating pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis?

    <p>NOF guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is osteoporosis typically diagnosed?

    <p>Bone density scans and clinical assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation used to represent bone mass?

    <p>Bone mass = formation rate - resorption rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the coupling of bone matrix remodeling?

    <p>Bone matrix remodeling is coupled with specific cell functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for bone formation?

    <p>Osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily happens to bone volume during remodeling?

    <p>Bone volume increases on surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with spongy bone?

    <p>Trabecular configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the majority of microcracks in bone typically occur?

    <p>In interstitial lamellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about bone matrix remodeling is incorrect?

    <p>It results in the complete loss of bone matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do serum markers like CTx and P1NP play in bone health?

    <p>They serve as indicators of bone turnover.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low gonadal estrogen levels in post-menopausal women on bone resorption?

    <p>Increases bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on RANKL and OPG expressions?

    <p>Increases RANKL and decreases OPG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do osteoclasts play in bone metabolism?

    <p>Degrade bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does primary hyperparathyroidism affect bone mass?

    <p>Promotes osteoclastogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug targets osteocyte-derived protein?

    <p>Denosumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell lineage do osteoblasts originate from?

    <p>Osteoprogenitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone health?

    <p>Maintain mineral homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of osteoporosis is primarily associated with reduced estrogen levels?

    <p>Post-menopausal osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bone Remodeling

    • There are four major bone cell types: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and bone lining cells.
    • Bone matrix remodeling occurs continually.
    • Bone mass is affected by the formation rate and resorption rate: Bone mass = formation rate – resorption rate
    • Bone matrix remodeling is coupled: Osteoblast and osteoclast activity are synchronized.
    • Specific cell types perform specific roles in the process of bone matrix remodeling, including:
      • Osteoblasts synthesize new bone matrix.
      • Osteocytes are embedded in the bone matrix and act as mechanosensors, regulating bone remodeling.
      • Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix.
      • Bone lining cells cover the bone surface.

    Bone Structure

    • Compact bone (cortical bone) is the denser, outer layer of bone.
    • Spongy bone (trabecular bone or cancellous bone) is a porous, less dense bone found inside the compact bone.

    Bone Remodeling Markers

    • Serum markers of bone turnover include Collagen I fragments (CTx) for resorption and Collagen I propeptide (P1NP) for formation.

    Bone Math

    • Increased bone mass can be caused by increased osteoblast activity, decreased osteoclast activity, or both.
    • Decreased bone mass can be caused by decreased osteoblast activity, increased osteoclast activity, or both.

    Osteoclasts

    • Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage.
    • Osteoclasts degrade the bone matrix by releasing proteases and acid.
    • Diseases that affect osteoclastogenesis and/or function can lead to osteopetrosis, characterized by dense bones that are prone to fracture.
    • Osteoclastogenesis is regulated by the actions of RANKL and OPG, both of which are produced by osteoblasts.

    Osteoporosis

    • Estrogen is a potent inducer of osteoclast apoptosis, and it also reduces RANKL-dependent differentiation.
    • Low levels of estrogen in post-menopausal women may lead to increased bone resorption.
    • Hyperparathyroidism, in which parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are abnormally high, leads to increased RANKL expression and decreased OPG expression, resulting in hypercalcemia and bone loss.

    Bone Cell Types

    • Osteoblasts are responsible for bone matrix secretion.
    • Osteocytes act as mechanosensors and regulate mineral homeostasis.
    • Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix.

    Bone Cell Targeting Drugs

    • Bisphosphonates, denosumab, and romosozumab target osteoclasts.
    • Teriparatide and abaloparatide target osteoblasts.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate processes of bone remodeling, including the roles of various bone cell types such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Understand the differences between compact and spongy bone and learn about the markers used to evaluate bone turnover. This quiz covers essential concepts in skeletal biology.

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