Questions and Answers
What divalent cation is required to create additional bone matrix support?
Calcium
What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength?
Gravity
Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light?
Which of the following pairings is correct?
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What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
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What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?
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Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head 'yes'.
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Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head 'no'.
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Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.
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Which vertebra lacks both a body and spinous process?
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Which part of a vertebra is known as the centrum?
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Name the vertebral projection oriented in a median plane.
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Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.
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Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen?
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Identify a lateral projection of a vertebra.
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Which of these regions of the vertebral column would be most accessible from a posterior surgical approach?
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Identify the shield-shaped top of the sternum.
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Name the type of connective tissue that anchors the ribs onto the sternum.
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Identify the central portion of the sternum.
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Examine and characterize the two motor pathways in the stretch patellar reflex.
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What part of the sternum is palpated prior to giving CPR?
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How many pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum?
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How many pairs of ribs are considered false ribs?
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How many ribs make up the rib cage?
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Identify the part of a rib that articulates in the demi-facets of the thoracic vertebra.
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Identify the region of a rib that articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra.
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What is the largest danger associated with a blood clot that's lodged in a cerebral artery?
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Why would imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) be recommended for a patient experiencing sudden aphasia?
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__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the basal nuclei that affects the dopamine-secreting pathways.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system?
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What type of stimulus is required for an action potential to be generated?
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Choose the FALSE statement about nerves.
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Which nerve plexus would an injury at the C_5 and C_6 region most likely involve?
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A Morton's (plantar) neuroma is a foot condition due to swelling of the common plantar digital nerve. Which of the following would NOT be a factor responsible for this disorder?
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Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc?
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What identifies the synapses in the lumbar section of the spinal cord during the stretch reflex?
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In which area of the neuron is an action potential initially generated?
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Select the true statements about the characteristics of sensory neurons in the stretch reflex.
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Which is the true statement about the synapses in the spinal cord in the stretch reflex?
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A patient sustains a ventral horn injury to the lumbar region of the spine. Predict how the patient's patellar reflex might be affected.
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Study Notes
Bone Remodeling and Disorders
- Calcium is the divalent cation essential for creating additional bone matrix support during remodeling.
- Gravity is the primary factor in maintaining adequate bone strength through mechanical stress on weight-bearing bones.
- Osteoporosis, a bone disorder common in the elderly, leads to porous and light bones.
- Paget's disease is characterized by excessive and disorganized bone deposition and resorption.
Cervical Vertebrae
- The first cervical vertebra is called the Atlas; it lacks a body and spinous process.
- The second cervical vertebra is known as the Axis.
- The occipital bone articulates with the Atlas, enabling the nodding motion ("yes").
- The articulation between the Atlas and Axis allows for head rotation ("no").
- Occipital condyles are the skull regions that connect with the Atlas.
Anatomy of Vertebrae
- The body of a vertebra is referred to as the centrum.
- The spinous process projects in the median plane of a vertebra.
- Inferior articular processes articulate with the subsequent vertebra below.
- Vertebral foramina do not contain intervertebral discs.
- The transverse process is a lateral projection found on vertebrae.
Sternum and Ribs
- The shield-shaped top of the sternum is known as the Manubrium.
- Hyaline cartilage anchors the ribs to the sternum.
- The central portion of the sternum is referred to as the Body.
- Seven pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum, while five pairs are classified as false ribs, totaling 24 ribs in the rib cage.
- The head of a rib articulates in the demi-facets of thoracic vertebrae, whereas the tubercle of a rib connects with the transverse process of a vertebra.
Nervous System and Reflexes
- A significant danger of a blood clot in a cerebral artery is lack of oxygen, potentially leading to serious complications.
- CT or MRI imaging is recommended for sudden aphasia to rule out brain injury causes.
- Parkinson's disease is a progressive degenerative condition affecting dopamine pathways in the basal nuclei.
- The nervous system's basic functions do not include releasing hormones to communicate with other body cells.
- An action potential requires a threshold level depolarization to be generated, while axons contribute significantly to nerve matter.
Injury and Pathways
- Severe whiplash injuries, particularly in the C_5 and C_6 region, often involve the brachial nerve plexus.
- Morton's neuroma is a painful foot condition caused by swelling of the common plantar digital nerve, not related to nerve thinning.
- Interneurons are not required for a reflex arc, which can function with just afferent and efferent neurons.
- The lumbar section of the spinal cord includes reflex pathways that activate one muscle while inhibiting its antagonist.
Functional Areas of the Brain
- The primary visual cortex is identified at area D.
- Region A includes the prefrontal cortex, while the central sulcus is indicated by groove C.
- Region B is responsible for carrying motor commands from the cerebrum.
- The cortical regions involved in language are located in regions indicated by E.
Other Notable Conditions
- Hydrocephalus results when excess fluid cannot be distributed throughout the ventricles, leading to increased intracranial pressure.
- Ependymal cells play a role in the central nervous system structure.
- Dendrites are indicated by letter A in associated diagrams, which are key receptive regions for neurons.
Reflex Characteristics
- Sensory neurons in stretch reflexes transmit afferent impulses towards the spinal cord and increase impulse frequency upon stretch activation.
- Interneurons in the spinal cord create inhibitory synapses with motoneurons to prevent antagonist muscle contraction.
- A ventral horn injury may lead to an absent or weak patellar reflex due to damage to afferent nerve cell bodies.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to bone remodeling and disorders as well as the anatomy of cervical vertebrae. Topics include calcium's role in bone support, osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and the specific functions of the Atlas and Axis vertebrae. Test your knowledge on these fundamental aspects of human anatomy.