Bone Remodeling and Vertebrae Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What divalent cation is required to create additional bone matrix support?

Calcium

What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength?

Gravity

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light?

Osteoporosis (correct)

Arthritis

Rickets

Paget's disease

Which of the following pairings is correct?

Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

Atlas Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?

Axis Signup and view all the answers

Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head 'yes'.

Occipital bone - atlas Signup and view all the answers

Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head 'no'.

Atlas - axis Signup and view all the answers

Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.

Occipital condyles Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebra lacks both a body and spinous process?

Atlas Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a vertebra is known as the centrum?

Body Signup and view all the answers

Name the vertebral projection oriented in a median plane.

Spinous process Signup and view all the answers

Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.

Inferior articular processes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen?

Intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

Identify a lateral projection of a vertebra.

Transverse process Signup and view all the answers

Which of these regions of the vertebral column would be most accessible from a posterior surgical approach?

Lamina Signup and view all the answers

Identify the shield-shaped top of the sternum.

Manubrium Signup and view all the answers

Name the type of connective tissue that anchors the ribs onto the sternum.

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Identify the central portion of the sternum.

Body Signup and view all the answers

Examine and characterize the two motor pathways in the stretch patellar reflex.

Alpha motor neurons send efferent messages to the quadriceps, while parallel efferent messages to the hamstrings are reduced. Signup and view all the answers

What part of the sternum is palpated prior to giving CPR?

Xiphoid Process Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum?

7 Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of ribs are considered false ribs?

5 Signup and view all the answers

How many ribs make up the rib cage?

24 Signup and view all the answers

Identify the part of a rib that articulates in the demi-facets of the thoracic vertebra.

Head Signup and view all the answers

Identify the region of a rib that articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra.

Tubercle Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest danger associated with a blood clot that's lodged in a cerebral artery?

Lack of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Why would imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) be recommended for a patient experiencing sudden aphasia?

To rule out other causes of brain injury Signup and view all the answers

__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the basal nuclei that affects the dopamine-secreting pathways.

Parkinson's disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system?

Release hormones into the bloodstream to communicate with other cells in the body Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulus is required for an action potential to be generated?

A threshold level depolarization Signup and view all the answers

Choose the FALSE statement about nerves.

Nerves are composed of neurons only. Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve plexus would an injury at the C_5 and C_6 region most likely involve?

Brachial Signup and view all the answers

A Morton's (plantar) neuroma is a foot condition due to swelling of the common plantar digital nerve. Which of the following would NOT be a factor responsible for this disorder?

Nerve thinning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc?

Interneurons Signup and view all the answers

What identifies the synapses in the lumbar section of the spinal cord during the stretch reflex?

1.Pathways will activate one muscle and simultaneously inhibit its antagonist muscle. 2.Afferent impulses synapse with motor neurons and interneurons. Signup and view all the answers

In which area of the neuron is an action potential initially generated?

C Signup and view all the answers

Select the true statements about the characteristics of sensory neurons in the stretch reflex.

1.These sensory neurons transmit afferent impulses toward the spinal cord (CNS). 2.When a stretch activates the muscle spindle, these sensory neurons transmit impulses at a higher frequency. Signup and view all the answers

Which is the true statement about the synapses in the spinal cord in the stretch reflex?

Interneurons make inhibitory synapses with neurons that prevent contraction of the antagonist muscle. Signup and view all the answers

A patient sustains a ventral horn injury to the lumbar region of the spine. Predict how the patient's patellar reflex might be affected.

The patient's patellar reflex would be absent or weak. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Remodeling and Disorders

Calcium is the divalent cation essential for creating additional bone matrix support during remodeling.
Gravity is the primary factor in maintaining adequate bone strength through mechanical stress on weight-bearing bones.
Osteoporosis, a bone disorder common in the elderly, leads to porous and light bones.
Paget's disease is characterized by excessive and disorganized bone deposition and resorption.

Cervical Vertebrae

The first cervical vertebra is called the Atlas; it lacks a body and spinous process.
The second cervical vertebra is known as the Axis.
The occipital bone articulates with the Atlas, enabling the nodding motion ("yes").
The articulation between the Atlas and Axis allows for head rotation ("no").
Occipital condyles are the skull regions that connect with the Atlas.

Anatomy of Vertebrae

The body of a vertebra is referred to as the centrum.
The spinous process projects in the median plane of a vertebra.
Inferior articular processes articulate with the subsequent vertebra below.
Vertebral foramina do not contain intervertebral discs.
The transverse process is a lateral projection found on vertebrae.

Sternum and Ribs

The shield-shaped top of the sternum is known as the Manubrium.
Hyaline cartilage anchors the ribs to the sternum.
The central portion of the sternum is referred to as the Body.
Seven pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum, while five pairs are classified as false ribs, totaling 24 ribs in the rib cage.
The head of a rib articulates in the demi-facets of thoracic vertebrae, whereas the tubercle of a rib connects with the transverse process of a vertebra.

Nervous System and Reflexes

A significant danger of a blood clot in a cerebral artery is lack of oxygen, potentially leading to serious complications.
CT or MRI imaging is recommended for sudden aphasia to rule out brain injury causes.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive degenerative condition affecting dopamine pathways in the basal nuclei.
The nervous system's basic functions do not include releasing hormones to communicate with other body cells.
An action potential requires a threshold level depolarization to be generated, while axons contribute significantly to nerve matter.

Injury and Pathways

Severe whiplash injuries, particularly in the C_5 and C_6 region, often involve the brachial nerve plexus.
Morton's neuroma is a painful foot condition caused by swelling of the common plantar digital nerve, not related to nerve thinning.
Interneurons are not required for a reflex arc, which can function with just afferent and efferent neurons.
The lumbar section of the spinal cord includes reflex pathways that activate one muscle while inhibiting its antagonist.

Functional Areas of the Brain

The primary visual cortex is identified at area D.
Region A includes the prefrontal cortex, while the central sulcus is indicated by groove C.
Region B is responsible for carrying motor commands from the cerebrum.
The cortical regions involved in language are located in regions indicated by E.

Other Notable Conditions

Hydrocephalus results when excess fluid cannot be distributed throughout the ventricles, leading to increased intracranial pressure.
Ependymal cells play a role in the central nervous system structure.
Dendrites are indicated by letter A in associated diagrams, which are key receptive regions for neurons.

Reflex Characteristics

Sensory neurons in stretch reflexes transmit afferent impulses towards the spinal cord and increase impulse frequency upon stretch activation.
Interneurons in the spinal cord create inhibitory synapses with motoneurons to prevent antagonist muscle contraction.
A ventral horn injury may lead to an absent or weak patellar reflex due to damage to afferent nerve cell bodies.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to bone remodeling and disorders as well as the anatomy of cervical vertebrae. Topics include calcium's role in bone support, osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and the specific functions of the Atlas and Axis vertebrae. Test your knowledge on these fundamental aspects of human anatomy.