Biomechanics Midterm

Questions and Answers

What percentage of bone is composed of inorganic material?

30%

10%

25%

60% (correct)

Which type of bone is described as spongy and the inner component?

Compact Bone

Cortical Bone

Cancellous Bone (correct)

Anisotropic Bone

What type of material is bone in terms of its mechanical properties?

Time dependent

Anisotropic (correct)

Viscoelastic

Isotropic

What type of loading makes bone more stiff?

Higher loading rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vertebral body?

To bear longitudinally applied loads Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the vertebral body was a solid block of bone?

Decreased flexibility and shock absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary material composition of the cortical bone?

Compact, dense shell Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between bone loss and bone strength?

25% decrease in bone loss results in 50% decrease in bone strength Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the crystalline structure of the vertebral body to tend to fracture with sudden forces?

Inability to absorb and dissipate suddenly applied loads Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the horizontal cross-beams in the cancellous core of the vertebral body?

To connect the vertical struts and prevent vertebral body collapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of facets in the spine's load-bearing design?

Important stabilizing structures that carry a significant portion of the compressive load Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pedicles in the spine?

To manage/resist sliding and twisting movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of energy conversion involved in bone remodeling?

Mechanical ↔ electrical ↔ chemical Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the conversion of one type of energy or force into another, such as in bone remodeling?

Transduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the bone's response to deformation due to mechanical stress, resulting in electric polarization and bone healing?

Piezoelectricity AKA Pressure Electricity Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of abnormal mechanical pressure on bone polarization and healing?

As long as a bone is asymmetrically loaded, polarization will persist, leading to bone deformations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of osteophytes, lipping, spurring, and fusions of facets in the spine?

Direct result of abnormal stresses on spinal vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercises are effective in stimulating bone formation in the spine?

Weight bearing exercises above the force/loading rate threshold Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for an exercise to have an effect on the bone composition of the spine?

It must be weight bearing Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the entire height of the spinal column do intervertebral discs (IVDs) make up?

20-33% Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the intervertebral disc (IVD) transmits loads from one vertebral body to the next?

Annulus fibrosus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary water-binding capacity found in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Chondroitin sulfate Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental unit of the water-retaining capacity of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Proteoglycan units and aggregates Signup and view all the answers

Which structure and ability of the intervertebral disc (IVD) results in its compression-resisting function?

Water-retaining capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary constituent responsible for the weight transmission and resistance to various types of loading in the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the intervertebral disc (IVD) has 2x greater water-binding capacity than keratan sulfate?

Chondroitin sulfate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the proteoglycan aggregates in the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Attracting and retaining water Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the entire height of the spinal column do intervertebral discs (IVDs) make up?

20-33% Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the intervertebral disc (IVD) transmits loads from one vertebral body to the next?

Annulus fibrosus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary water-binding capacity found in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Chondroitin sulfate Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental unit of the water-retaining capacity of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Proteoglycan units and aggregates Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of loss of chondroitin sulfate in the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Reduces the ability of the disc to bind water Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the proteoglycan aggregates in the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Attract and retain water Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between water content and the compression-resisting function of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Higher water content enhances the compression-resisting function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Transmits loads from one vertebral body to the next Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy when the collagen fibers of the annulus are stretched under compressive load?

Energy is absorbed and stored Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of altered biomechanical properties of the intervertebral disc (IVD) over time?

Annular fissures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intervertebral disc (IVD) during dynamic movements?

Acts as a spacer keeping vertebral bodies separated Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of tension distraction of the interbody joint (IBJ)?

Separation of the vertebral bodies and increased height of IVD Signup and view all the answers

Which type of movement is associated with annulus injury?

Twisting (axial rotation) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dynamic movements on the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Creates the highest compression loads Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of herniations through the annulus fibrosus?

Repetitive loading Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intervertebral disc (IVD) during bending or rocking movements?

Distortion of annulus and nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of central compressive loading during compression tests?

The disc bulges in a horizontal plane equally in all directions Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of abnormal mechanical pressure on the annulus fibrosus?

Annular fissures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of high compressive loads during compression tests?

Little resistance at low loads, more stable at higher loads Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy when force is rapidly applied to an intervertebral disc (IVD)?

The force is momentarily diverted into stretching the annulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Resisting pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main biomechanical behavior of the fluid nature of the nucleus pulposus?

Allows for deformation under pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the cartilaginous endplate?

Fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the annulus fibrosus in weight transmission?

Creates a relatively stiff structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of weight transmission in the intervertebral disc (IVD) during compression?

Annulus in compression Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy when the collagen fibers of the annulus are stretched under compressive load?

The collagen and water are squeezed out of the annulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary water content of the annulus fibrosus?

60-70% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary biomechanical behavior of the fluid nature of the nucleus pulposus?

Allows for deformation under pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the cartilaginous endplate?

Fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the annulus fibrosus in weight transmission?

Creates a relatively stiff structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of weight transmission in the intervertebral disc (IVD) during compression?

Annulus in compression Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy when the collagen fibers of the annulus are stretched under compressive load?

The collagen and water are squeezed out of the annulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ligaments of the spine?

Provide stability, allow smooth physiological motion, and resist damaging high speed, high load forces Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of most ligaments in the spine?

Collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is viscoelasticity in the context of ligaments?

Structure with both fluid and elastic properties that are time-dependent Signup and view all the answers

What is the zone in which ligaments begin to resist further deformation?

Elastic zone Signup and view all the answers

What is the point at which chemical bonds start to break down in the stress/strain curve of ligaments?

Yield stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the property of a material that allows it to behave both as a viscous and elastic structure, and whose deformation is time-dependent?

Viscoelasticity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary property of solids that describes the ability of a material to return to its original shape once unloaded?

Elasticity Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase in the stress/strain curve of collagen where very little load is needed?

Toe phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the zone of permanent deformation in the stress/strain curve of ligaments?

Plastic zone Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase in the deformation of ligaments where collagen fibers are rearranged and bonds between fibers and proteoglycan strained?

Linear phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of increasing stress in the stress/strain curve of ligaments?

Bonds and fibers fail Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the neutral zone in the stress/strain curve of ligaments?

Fibers in relaxed state, crimped Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of hysteresis in ligaments and tissues?

Decrease in rate of recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ligamentum flavum in the spine?

Prevents buckling into the spinal canal during full extension Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fatigue failure in ligaments and tissues?

Occurs due to repetitive loading and unloading cycles Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) in the spine?

Controls spinal extension Signup and view all the answers

What does viscoelasticity lead to when a constant stress load is applied and held constant?

Increased strain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) in the spine?

Resists spinal flexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of stress relaxation in ligaments and tissues?

Decreased stress with constant strain Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of load rate sensitivity on the deformation of a material over time?

Affects the rate of deformation Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of repetitive loading and unloading cycles in ligaments and tissues?

Increased strain with constant stress load Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments in the spine?

Resists spinal flexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of increased strain with constant stress load in ligaments and tissues?

Viscoelasticity Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of stress relaxation in ligaments and tissues?

Decreased stress with constant strain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Cartesian Coordinate System applied to the body in anatomical position?

To describe motion, posture, and alignment Signup and view all the answers

Which axis of the Cartesian Coordinate System is associated with anterior/posterior movement?

Z-axis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary movement of every vertebrae considered as, according to the text?

Rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the orthogonal system's right hand rule?

To determine the direction of movement within the system Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Malpositions' in the context of vertebrae refer to?

Describes abnormal or altered position of vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to find the altered position of a vertebra, as per the text?

Chiropractic Listing Systems Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into left and right portions?

Sagittal plane Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the circular motion of an object around a central, fixed point?

Angular (Rotation) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of biomechanics from a chiropractic perspective?

Understanding normal and abnormal movements of the vertebral segments Signup and view all the answers

What concept in biomechanics is necessary for spinal health according to the text?

Normal biomechanical loading Signup and view all the answers

What does the student need to better understand in order to interpret Chiropractic listing systems?

Arthrokinematics and Chiropractic listing systems Signup and view all the answers

What knowledge does the student need to have a better understanding of common spinal conditions and their management by Chiropractors?

Basic arthrokinematics and common spinal conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for linear momentum?

$p = mv$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for moment of inertia?

$I = mr^2$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor affecting the conservation of angular momentum?

Distance from the point of rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for force according to Newton's Second Law of Motion?

$F = ma$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for pressure?

$P = F/A$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the center of pressure (CoP) in standing posture?

Symmetrical and balanced standing posture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the centripetal force in rotational motion?

Pulls toward the center Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor affecting the force of friction between two objects?

Weight of the objects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary property of an object that determines its resistance to changes in motion?

Inertia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor affecting the stability of an object's base of support?

Width of the base of support Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for rotational momentum?

$L = I \times \omega$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor affecting the magnitude of linear momentum?

Velocity of the object Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the functional spinal unit (FSU)?

Transferring weights and allowing physiologic motions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes spinal anatomy?

It involves the vertebral body, vertebral arch, and functional spinal unit Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between scalar and vector quantities?

Scalar quantities only have magnitude, while vector quantities have magnitude and direction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of force vectors?

They have magnitude, direction, point of application, and angle of application Signup and view all the answers

Which type of force can be perpendicular to the surface of an object?

Normal force Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between primary and secondary spinal curvatures?

Primary curvatures are concave anteriorly, while secondary curvatures are concave posteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of biomechanics?

The application of mechanical principles to living organisms Signup and view all the answers

What does the spinal column consist of?

Three major and two minor columns Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of force?

Any action that changes the motion of bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of mechanical forces?

Forces that act perpendicular to the surface of an object Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spine's ligaments?

To transfer weights and allow physiologic motions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spinal curvatures?

To maintain the vertical alignment of the spine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Viscoelasticity in Ligaments and Tissues

Tissues are composites of fibers and ground substance
Viscoelasticity leads to increased strain with constant stress load applied and held constant
Stress relaxation results in decreased stress with constant strain
Hysteresis causes a difference in rate of deformation vs. rate of recovery due to viscosity
Fatigue failure occurs due to repetitive loading and unloading cycles
Load rate sensitivity affects the deformation of a material over time
The 8 ligaments of the Functional Spinal Unit (FSU) intervertebral disc (IVD) are detailed in the lecture
The anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) controls and limits spinal extension
The posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) resists spinal flexion
The ligamentum flavum prevents buckling into the spinal canal during full extension
The interspinous and supraspinous ligaments resist spinal flexion
The load deformation curve of FSU ligaments in the lumbar spine varies based on their position relative to the center of rotation

Biomechanics of the Spine: Key Concepts and Fundamentals

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to living organisms
The spine serves biomechanical functions by transferring weights and allowing physiologic motions while protecting the spinal cord
The functional spinal unit (FSU) is the smallest functional unit of the spine
Spinal anatomy includes the vertebral body, vertebral arch, and functional spinal unit
The spine is supported by various ligaments, including the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
The spinal column consists of three major and two minor columns
Spinal curvatures include primary (kyphosis) and secondary (lordosis) curves
Force is any action that changes the motion of bodies and can be mechanical, electromagnetic, nuclear, or spiritual
Mechanical forces can be normal (perpendicular) or shearing (parallel) forces
Scalar quantities are fully described by magnitude, while vector quantities have magnitude and direction
Force vectors have magnitude, direction, point of application, and angle of application
Motion involves linear (translation) and angular (rotation) motion, as well as speed, velocity, and acceleration.

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Description

Test your knowledge of bone material properties, load-bearing design of vertebrae, and bony remodeling in this quiz. Explore the composition of bone, the correlation between mineral content and strength, and the impact of bone loss on strength. Challenge yourself with questions on organic and inorganic material, collagen, and hydroxyapatite crystals.