The Skeletal System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which bone is known as the thigh bone?

  • Fibula
  • Femur (correct)
  • Tibia
  • Humerus

How many bones are there in the leg?

  • Two (correct)
  • Four
  • One
  • Three

The three categories of joints based on functional classification are immovable, slightly moveable, and what?

  • Flexible joints
  • Freely moveable (correct)
  • Partially moveable
  • Rigid joints

Which type of joint is generally immovable?

<p>Fibrous joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the arches of the foot?

<p>Distribute body weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones make up the tarsus of the foot?

<p>Ankle bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which girdle is referred to as the pectoral girdle?

<p>Shoulder girdle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the bones of the upper limb commonly known as?

<p>Humerus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?

<p>Axial and Appendicular skeleton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function does NOT belong to the skeletal system?

<p>Hormone secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are present in an adult human skeleton?

<p>206 bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone tissue is found primarily at the surface of bones?

<p>Compact bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for bone resorption?

<p>Osteoclasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?

<p>They form new bone by secreting the bone matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bone lining cells is correct?

<p>They help maintain the bone matrix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five major cell types found in bone tissue?

<p>Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Bone lining cells, Osteoclasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural unit of compact bone called?

<p>Osteon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do trabeculae in spongy bone serve?

<p>They align along lines of stress to resist force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

<p>Humerus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

<p>It does not articulate with any other bone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is formed by the mandible?

<p>Freely movable joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are vertebrae in the spine situated?

<p>They are separated by intervertebral discs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of paranasal sinuses?

<p>They surround the nasal cavity and reduce skull weight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the skeleton forms the longitudinal part of the body?

<p>Axial skeleton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement occurs when one bone surface glides over another?

<p>Gliding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement decreases the angle between two articulating bones?

<p>Flexion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines hyperextension?

<p>Exceeding the anatomical position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements is characterized by a limb moving away from the body's midline?

<p>Abduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of joint movement does the distal end of a limb move in a circular path?

<p>Circumduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is rotation?

<p>Turning a bone around its own axis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes extension?

<p>Movement returning to anatomical position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement allows the angle between two bones to increase?

<p>Extension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is primarily allowed by hinge joints?

<p>Flexion and extension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type allows for movement in one plane around a single axis?

<p>Pivot joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is an example of a condyloid joint?

<p>MCP joints (knuckle joints) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows for both flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction?

<p>Saddle joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is characteristic of plane joints?

<p>Gliding or sliding movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What restriction is common in the movement of condyloid joints compared to saddle joints?

<p>More restriction in circumduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type has opposed surfaces that are flat or almost flat?

<p>Plane joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ligaments are found in hinge joints to support movement?

<p>Strong and laterally placed collateral ligaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Axial Skeleton

Part of the skeleton that forms the central axis of the body.

Appendicular Skeleton

Part of the skeleton that supports the limbs.

Compact Bone

Dense, hard bone tissue.

Spongy Bone

Bone tissue with many small spaces.

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Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells.

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Osteocytes

Mature bone cells.

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Bone Function (Support)

Gives the body its structure.

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Bone Function (Movement)

Skeletal muscles attach to bones to produce movement.

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Osteon

The structural unit of compact bone, shaped like an elongated cylinder.

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Spongy Bone Trabeculae

The supporting structures in spongy bone that align with stress lines, making the bone strong.

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Skull Bones

Two groups: cranium (skullcap) and facial bones.

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Mandible

The only skull bone with a freely movable joint.

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Intervertebral Discs

Cartilaginous pads separating vertebrae in the spine.

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Hyoid Bone

The only bone that doesn't articulate with another bone; supports the tongue.

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Bone Markings

Projections, depressions, and openings on bones that serve as attachment points, passageways, or joints.

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Pectoral Girdle

Bone structure connecting the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

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Pelvic Girdle

Bone structure connecting the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

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Femur

Thigh bone (single bone in the thigh).

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Tibia & Fibula

Two bones in the lower leg.

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Functional Joint Classification

Categorizing joints by their degree of movement: immovable, slightly movable, or freely moveable.

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Synovial Joints

Freely moveable joints, with a synovial cavity.

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Foot Arches

Structures in the foot that help distribute weight.

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Fibrous Joint

A joint where bones are connected by dense fibrous connective tissue. These joints are typically immobile or slightly movable.

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Cartilaginous Joint

Joints where bones are connected by cartilage. They allow for some flexibility but are not as freely movable as synovial joints.

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Gliding movement

A type of movement where one flat bone surface slides over another, allowing for back-and-forth or side-to-side motion.

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Flexion

A bending movement that decreases the angle between two bones, usually along the sagittal plane.

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Extension

The opposite of flexion, increasing the angle between two bones, usually along the sagittal plane.

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Hyperextension

Continuing a movement beyond the anatomical position, extending a joint beyond its normal range.

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Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, usually along the frontal plane.

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Plane Joint

Allows gliding or sliding movements. Flat or nearly flat surfaces with limited movement due to a tight joint capsule. Small and numerous.

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Hinge Joint

Allows flexion and extension only. Movement in one plane (sagittal) around a single axis. Thin and lax joint capsule anteriorly and posteriorly, with strong collateral ligaments.

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Pivot Joint

Allows rotation around a central axis. A rounded bone process rotates within a sleeve or ring.

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Condyloid Joint

Allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and some circumduction. Biaxial movement, with greater movement in one plane.

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Saddle Joint

Allows abduction/adduction and flexion/extension. Similar to condyloid, but with greater movement in all directions.

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Uniaxial Joint

A joint that allows movement in only one plane around a single axis.

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Biaxial Joint

A joint that allows movement in two planes around two axes.

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Study Notes

The Skeletal System

  • The skeletal system is composed of bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments
  • It's divided into axial and appendicular skeletons
  • The skeleton has 206 bones
  • Two basic types of bone tissue are compact and spongy
  • Bone functions include supporting the body, protecting soft organs, enabling movement via attached muscles, storing minerals and fats, and forming blood cells
  • Osteons (Haversian systems) are the structural units of compact bone
  • Trabeculae in spongy bone align along lines of stress, to resist stress

Bone Markings

  • Projections are sites of muscle and ligament attachment
  • Tuberosity: Large rounded projection; may be roughened
  • Crest: Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
  • Trochanter: Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
  • Line: Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
  • Tubercle: Small rounded projection or process
  • Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle
  • Spine: Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
  • Process: Any bony prominence
  • Facet: Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
  • Ramus: Armlike bar of bone
  • Condyle: Rounded articular projection
  • Head: Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.
  • Groove/furrow: a narrow cut or slitlike depression
  • Fissure: Narrow, slitlike opening
  • Foramen: Round or oval opening through a bone
  • Notch: Indentation at the edge of a structure
  • Meatus: Canal-like passageway
  • Sinus: Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
  • Fossa: Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone

  • Five major cell types populate bone tissue: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoclasts
  • Osteogenic cells are mitotically active stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells
  • Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete bone matrix
  • Osteocytes are mature bone cells that monitor and maintain bone matrix
  • Bone lining cells are flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not occurring; they help maintain matrix
  • Osteoclasts are giant multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption

Microscopic Anatomy of Spongy Bone

  • The trabeculae align precisely along lines of stress to help the bone resist stress

The Axial Skeleton

  • Forms the longitudinal part of the body
  • Divided into the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax

The Skull

  • Two sets of bones: cranium and facial bones
  • Bones are joined by sutures
  • Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
  • Includes Nasal Bones, Lacrimal Bone, Nasal Aperture, Nasal Spine, Zygomatic Bone, Maxilla, Mandible, Mental Foramen, Frontal Bone, Parietal bone, Sphenoid bone, Temporal bone, and Ethmoid bone
  • Includes several foramina, fissures, cavities, and processes

Paranasal Sinuses

  • Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

The Hyoid Bone

  • The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
  • Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

The Vertebral Column

  • Vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs
  • The spine has a normal curvature
  • Each vertebra is given a name according to its location
  • Includes cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae

The Bony Thorax

  • Includes true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs
  • Includes the sternum, manubrium, xiphoid process, the ribs and cartilage

The Appendicular Skeleton

  • Consists of the limbs (appendages), pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

  • Includes the scapulae and clavicles
  • Consists of acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity, lateral border, superior border, superior angle, supra-spinous fossa, infra-spinous fossa, and subscapular fossa, medial border

Bones of the Upper Limb

  • The upper limb includes the humerus, radius, and ulna, carpals, and phalanges
  • Also encompasses the clavicle and scapula

Bones of the Lower Limb

  • The lower limb includes the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, and phalanges

Bones of the Right Foot

  • Includes the tarsus, metatarsals, and phalanges

Arches of the Foot

  • The arches form a half dome that distributes weight to the heel bones and metatarsals

Joints

  • Articulations of bones
  • Functions of joints: Hold bones together; Allow for mobility
  • Ways joints are classified: Functionally and structurally

Classifications of Joints

  • Functional: Immovable, slightly moveable, freely moveable
  • Structural: Fibrous (generally immovable), cartilaginous (immovable or slightly moveable), synovial (freely moveable)

Types of Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints

  • Gliding, angular (flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation)

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

  • Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket

The Pelvic Girdle

  • Includes the ilium, ischium, pubis, and sacrum
  • Composed of the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx

Gender Differences of the Pelvis

  • Structural and functional modifications are present in males and females
  • Differences in bone thickness, acetabulum, pubic angle, and general shape are present.

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