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Questions and Answers
Which bone is known as the thigh bone?
Which bone is known as the thigh bone?
How many bones are there in the leg?
How many bones are there in the leg?
The three categories of joints based on functional classification are immovable, slightly moveable, and what?
The three categories of joints based on functional classification are immovable, slightly moveable, and what?
Which type of joint is generally immovable?
Which type of joint is generally immovable?
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What is the function of the arches of the foot?
What is the function of the arches of the foot?
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Which bones make up the tarsus of the foot?
Which bones make up the tarsus of the foot?
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Which girdle is referred to as the pectoral girdle?
Which girdle is referred to as the pectoral girdle?
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What are the bones of the upper limb commonly known as?
What are the bones of the upper limb commonly known as?
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What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?
What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?
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Which function does NOT belong to the skeletal system?
Which function does NOT belong to the skeletal system?
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How many bones are present in an adult human skeleton?
How many bones are present in an adult human skeleton?
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Which type of bone tissue is found primarily at the surface of bones?
Which type of bone tissue is found primarily at the surface of bones?
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Which cell type is responsible for bone resorption?
Which cell type is responsible for bone resorption?
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What is the role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
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Which of the following statements about bone lining cells is correct?
Which of the following statements about bone lining cells is correct?
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What are the five major cell types found in bone tissue?
What are the five major cell types found in bone tissue?
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What is the structural unit of compact bone called?
What is the structural unit of compact bone called?
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What role do trabeculae in spongy bone serve?
What role do trabeculae in spongy bone serve?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
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What is unique about the hyoid bone?
What is unique about the hyoid bone?
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What type of joint is formed by the mandible?
What type of joint is formed by the mandible?
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How are vertebrae in the spine situated?
How are vertebrae in the spine situated?
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What is the main purpose of paranasal sinuses?
What is the main purpose of paranasal sinuses?
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Which part of the skeleton forms the longitudinal part of the body?
Which part of the skeleton forms the longitudinal part of the body?
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What type of movement occurs when one bone surface glides over another?
What type of movement occurs when one bone surface glides over another?
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Which movement decreases the angle between two articulating bones?
Which movement decreases the angle between two articulating bones?
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What defines hyperextension?
What defines hyperextension?
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Which of the following movements is characterized by a limb moving away from the body's midline?
Which of the following movements is characterized by a limb moving away from the body's midline?
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In which type of joint movement does the distal end of a limb move in a circular path?
In which type of joint movement does the distal end of a limb move in a circular path?
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What type of movement is rotation?
What type of movement is rotation?
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Which of the following best describes extension?
Which of the following best describes extension?
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Which movement allows the angle between two bones to increase?
Which movement allows the angle between two bones to increase?
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What type of movement is primarily allowed by hinge joints?
What type of movement is primarily allowed by hinge joints?
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Which joint type allows for movement in one plane around a single axis?
Which joint type allows for movement in one plane around a single axis?
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Which of the following joints is an example of a condyloid joint?
Which of the following joints is an example of a condyloid joint?
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What type of joint allows for both flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction?
What type of joint allows for both flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction?
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Which movement is characteristic of plane joints?
Which movement is characteristic of plane joints?
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What restriction is common in the movement of condyloid joints compared to saddle joints?
What restriction is common in the movement of condyloid joints compared to saddle joints?
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Which joint type has opposed surfaces that are flat or almost flat?
Which joint type has opposed surfaces that are flat or almost flat?
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What type of ligaments are found in hinge joints to support movement?
What type of ligaments are found in hinge joints to support movement?
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Study Notes
The Skeletal System
- The skeletal system is composed of bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments
- It's divided into axial and appendicular skeletons
- The skeleton has 206 bones
- Two basic types of bone tissue are compact and spongy
- Bone functions include supporting the body, protecting soft organs, enabling movement via attached muscles, storing minerals and fats, and forming blood cells
- Osteons (Haversian systems) are the structural units of compact bone
- Trabeculae in spongy bone align along lines of stress, to resist stress
Bone Markings
- Projections are sites of muscle and ligament attachment
- Tuberosity: Large rounded projection; may be roughened
- Crest: Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
- Trochanter: Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
- Line: Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
- Tubercle: Small rounded projection or process
- Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle
- Spine: Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
- Process: Any bony prominence
- Facet: Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
- Ramus: Armlike bar of bone
- Condyle: Rounded articular projection
- Head: Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.
- Groove/furrow: a narrow cut or slitlike depression
- Fissure: Narrow, slitlike opening
- Foramen: Round or oval opening through a bone
- Notch: Indentation at the edge of a structure
- Meatus: Canal-like passageway
- Sinus: Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
- Fossa: Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone
- Five major cell types populate bone tissue: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoclasts
- Osteogenic cells are mitotically active stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells
- Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete bone matrix
- Osteocytes are mature bone cells that monitor and maintain bone matrix
- Bone lining cells are flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not occurring; they help maintain matrix
- Osteoclasts are giant multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption
Microscopic Anatomy of Spongy Bone
- The trabeculae align precisely along lines of stress to help the bone resist stress
The Axial Skeleton
- Forms the longitudinal part of the body
- Divided into the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax
The Skull
- Two sets of bones: cranium and facial bones
- Bones are joined by sutures
- Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
- Includes Nasal Bones, Lacrimal Bone, Nasal Aperture, Nasal Spine, Zygomatic Bone, Maxilla, Mandible, Mental Foramen, Frontal Bone, Parietal bone, Sphenoid bone, Temporal bone, and Ethmoid bone
- Includes several foramina, fissures, cavities, and processes
Paranasal Sinuses
- Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
The Hyoid Bone
- The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
- Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
The Vertebral Column
- Vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs
- The spine has a normal curvature
- Each vertebra is given a name according to its location
- Includes cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae
The Bony Thorax
- Includes true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs
- Includes the sternum, manubrium, xiphoid process, the ribs and cartilage
The Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of the limbs (appendages), pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
- Includes the scapulae and clavicles
- Consists of acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity, lateral border, superior border, superior angle, supra-spinous fossa, infra-spinous fossa, and subscapular fossa, medial border
Bones of the Upper Limb
- The upper limb includes the humerus, radius, and ulna, carpals, and phalanges
- Also encompasses the clavicle and scapula
Bones of the Lower Limb
- The lower limb includes the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, and phalanges
Bones of the Right Foot
- Includes the tarsus, metatarsals, and phalanges
Arches of the Foot
- The arches form a half dome that distributes weight to the heel bones and metatarsals
Joints
- Articulations of bones
- Functions of joints: Hold bones together; Allow for mobility
- Ways joints are classified: Functionally and structurally
Classifications of Joints
- Functional: Immovable, slightly moveable, freely moveable
- Structural: Fibrous (generally immovable), cartilaginous (immovable or slightly moveable), synovial (freely moveable)
Types of Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
- Gliding, angular (flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation)
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
- Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket
The Pelvic Girdle
- Includes the ilium, ischium, pubis, and sacrum
- Composed of the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
- Structural and functional modifications are present in males and females
- Differences in bone thickness, acetabulum, pubic angle, and general shape are present.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the skeletal system, including its composition, functions, and bone markings. This quiz covers key concepts such as the types of bone tissue and specific bone features essential for understanding human anatomy.
