25 Questions
Which mineral is primarily responsible for the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone?
Calcium
Which type of bone forms the shafts of long bones?
Compact bone
Which cells are responsible for resorbing bone mineral and matrix?
Osteoclasts
Which mineral is a reservoir or store in bones, especially for calcium ions?
Calcium
Which vitamin is closely related to calcium with respect to bone health?
Vitamin D
Which type of bone fills the ends of the shafts of long bones and forms most of the structure of vertebrae?
Trabecular bone
Which mineral is deposited primarily within the organic phase of cross-linked collagen fibers in bone?
Calcium
Which vitamin is known for its role in maintaining bone health and its action in the body's immune system?
Vitamin C
Which of the following is a function of Vitamin C as a coenzyme?
Production of neurotransmitters
What is a consequence of Vitamin C deficiency?
Bleeding gums
Where is Vitamin C found in the body?
Cytoplasm
What is the role of Vitamin C as an antioxidant?
Neutralize radicals
What is a consequence of Vitamin C deficiency related to iron?
Decreased iron absorption
What is a consequence of Vitamin C deficiency related to wound healing?
Poor wound healing
What is a consequence of Vitamin C deficiency related to connective tissue?
Weakened connective tissue
What is the consequence of reactive oxygen molecules in the body?
Cause damage to cell structures
What is the role of Vitamin E in the body?
Lipophilic, found in cell membranes
What is the primary function of vitamin C mentioned in the text?
Supports the immune system
What is the main cause of increased bone loss during menopause?
Decreased estrogen levels
How is calcium absorption in the digestive tract primarily facilitated?
Passive diffusion and active transport
Which hormone stimulates bone calcium release and reduces renal calcium excretion?
Parathyroid hormone
What is the primary consequence of calcium deficiency according to the text?
Low bone mass and increased bone loss
At what age does peak bone mass typically occur according to the text?
Between ages 16 and 30
What is the primary role of calcitonin in bone metabolism?
Inhibits bone calcium release
What is the primary consequence of osteoporosis according to the text?
Loss of bone protein matrix and mineral deposits
Study Notes
Calcium, Vitamin C, and Bone Health
- Bone is a living tissue constantly being remodeled, with osteoblast activity exceeding osteoclast activity during bone formation.
- Peak bone mass occurs between ages 16 and 30, and bone breakdown exceeds formation from age 35-45.
- Estrogen decreases bone resorption and enhances osteoblast activity, but its levels drop during menopause, leading to increased bone loss.
- 99% of calcium is found in bones and teeth, while the remaining 1% is distributed in fluids.
- Calcium absorption in the digestive tract involves passive diffusion and active transport, requiring active vitamin D.
- Parathyroid hormone stimulates bone calcium release and reduces renal calcium excretion, while calcitonin inhibits bone calcium release.
- Calcium regulates enzyme activity, blood clotting, nerve and muscle function, cell cycle, and hormone release.
- Calcium deficiency can lead to low bone mass and increased bone loss, resulting in conditions like rickets and osteomalacia.
- Elevated blood calcium levels can cause symptoms such as loss of appetite, nausea, and confusion, often due to elevated PTH secretion or excessive calcium supplementation.
- Osteoporosis results from a loss of bone protein matrix and mineral deposits, measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to assess bone mineral density.
- Prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass varies among racial and ethnic groups, with differences in risk factors and prevalence.
- Vitamin C, found in fruits and vegetables, functions as an antioxidant, supports the immune system, aids collagen production, and is important for iron absorption.
Test your knowledge of calcium, vitamin C, and their impact on bone health with this quiz. Explore the role of these nutrients in bone formation, absorption, and maintenance, as well as their effects on bone-related conditions like osteoporosis and deficiency-related diseases.
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