Bone and Cartilage Pathophysiology

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Questions and Answers

What is the histological classification of normal adult bone?

Non-lamellar bone

Lamellar bone (correct)

Immature bone

Woven bone

In which condition is immature bone present in adults?

Fracture healing

Osteo-tendineal junctions

Alveolar sockets

All of the above (correct)

What is the original cell type from which osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts develop?

Mesenchymal osteoprogenitor cell (correct)

Hematopoietic stem cell

Fibroblast

Chondrocyte

What is the major tissue component in bones, cartilage, and tendons?

Extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is non-lamellar or woven bone present in adults?

Paget’s disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of immature bone in terms of collagen fiber organization?

Bundles of collagen fibers run in various directions through the matrix Signup and view all the answers

What are the three mechanisms of bone formation?

Cutting cones, periosteal ossification, and endochondral ossification Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism for fracture repair and bone growth in length?

Endochondral ossification Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of growth factors that promote vasodilation and angiogenesis?

Fractures Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for appositional growth of bone?

Periosteal ossification Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution of continuity of a bone segment due to mechanical trauma?

Fracture Signup and view all the answers

What plays a crucial role in bone healing?

Periosteum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary inorganic component of the bone matrix?

Calcium phosphate (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)) Signup and view all the answers

Where are osteoblasts primarily found?

Close to periosteum and vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteocytes?

Regulating bone metabolism and producing matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of osteoclasts?

Haematopoietic stem cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for bone reabsorption?

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

What does Wolff's law state about bone structure?

Bone adapts to the loads under which it is placed Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone healing occurs with absolute stability constructs?

Primary bone healing Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone healing involves periosteum and external soft tissues?

Secondary bone healing Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones play a role in bone healing?

Glucocorticoids and parathyroid hormone (PTH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time range for calcification of bone callus for healing?

30-120 days Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage lacks blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and neural elements?

Articular cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What does the remodelling phase of bone healing involve?

Substitution of immature bone by lamellar bone Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of bone healing involves minimal movements between bone ends?

Indirect mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase of bone callus formation that involves the development of fibrous callus and cartilage metaplasia?

Soft callus formation Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for re-vascularization and bone healing?

Mechanical stability Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of bone callus formation involves the development of periosteal and intramedullary callus?

Calcification and hardening of the callus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for the direct mechanism of bone healing?

Absolute stability Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates bone growth?

Proper positioning of fractured bones Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Healing Mechanism and Phases: A Comprehensive Overview

Bone healing process involves the release of growth factors, leading to increased blood flow at fracture sites, peaking at two weeks post-fracture.
Mechanical stability is crucial for re-vascularization and bone healing, as proper healing depends on a balance between micromovements, mechanical load, and bone response.
Bone growth is stimulated by loading, and proper positioning of fractured bones is critical for healing.
Inadequate stabilization can lead to mechanical deformations preventing bone formation, while excessive stabilization reduces callus formation.
There are two mechanisms of bone healing: direct (no callus, no cartilage formation) and indirect (intermediate callus formation).
Direct mechanism requires absolute stability, leading to osteoblast-mediated direct formation of osteons.
Indirect mechanism involves minimal movements between bone ends, leading to periosteal reaction, medullary callus formation, and endochondral ossification.
The phases of bone callus formation include inflammation and hematoma formation, soft callus formation, calcification and hardening of the callus, and remodeling of the callus.
The hematoma, formed within the first 20 days, contains growth factors that stimulate vessel growth and cell migration towards the fracture site.
The conjunction callus phase, occurring from day 20 to 30, involves the development of fibrous callus, cartilage metaplasia, and ossification.
The calcification and repairing phase includes the development of periosteal and intramedullary callus, stimulated by mechanical and chemical factors.
The healing process involves the transformation of cartilage to woven bone by osteoblasts, leading to the formation of callus, which can be observed in radiological images of fractures.

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Description

Test your knowledge of bone healing mechanisms and phases with this comprehensive quiz. Explore the role of growth factors, mechanical stability, and bone positioning in the healing process. Learn about direct and indirect mechanisms, phases of callus formation, and the transformation of cartilage to woven bone.

Bone and Cartilage Pathophysiology - S1