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Questions and Answers
What type of bone classification includes the bones found within tendons like the patella?
What type of bone classification includes the bones found within tendons like the patella?
Which part of a long bone serves as the attachment site for ligaments and tendons?
Which part of a long bone serves as the attachment site for ligaments and tendons?
What is the function of articular cartilage in long bones?
What is the function of articular cartilage in long bones?
Where is the endosteum found in long bones?
Where is the endosteum found in long bones?
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Which type of ossification process involves the replacement of cartilage by bone during skeletal development?
Which type of ossification process involves the replacement of cartilage by bone during skeletal development?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
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What type of bones have a length greater than their width?
What type of bones have a length greater than their width?
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Which tissue type primarily makes up bones?
Which tissue type primarily makes up bones?
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What is the process where bones are strengthened by minerals deposited in the matrix?
What is the process where bones are strengthened by minerals deposited in the matrix?
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In fetal development, which model serves as a precursor for bone growth?
In fetal development, which model serves as a precursor for bone growth?
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What is the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
What is the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
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Which type of bone tissue is dense and solid to the unaided eye but porous under a microscope?
Which type of bone tissue is dense and solid to the unaided eye but porous under a microscope?
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In mature compact bone, what is the basic structural and functional unit called?
In mature compact bone, what is the basic structural and functional unit called?
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Which type of canal is responsible for metabolic interaction between osteocytes in an osteon?
Which type of canal is responsible for metabolic interaction between osteocytes in an osteon?
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Which type of bone ossification develops from mesenchyme and produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, the mandible, and central portions of clavicle?
Which type of bone ossification develops from mesenchyme and produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, the mandible, and central portions of clavicle?
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Which type of bone ossification begins around the 6th to 8th week of embryonic development and continues into adulthood?
Which type of bone ossification begins around the 6th to 8th week of embryonic development and continues into adulthood?
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Which type of ossification is characterized by mesenchymal cells clustering to form an ossification center before turning into osteoblasts?
Which type of ossification is characterized by mesenchymal cells clustering to form an ossification center before turning into osteoblasts?
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What is the primary function of the periosteal arteries related to bone structure?
What is the primary function of the periosteal arteries related to bone structure?
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Which layer of embryonic germ cells gives rise to skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, as well as bone and blood cells during bone development?
Which layer of embryonic germ cells gives rise to skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, as well as bone and blood cells during bone development?
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Which type of ossification begins with a hyaline cartilage model?
Which type of ossification begins with a hyaline cartilage model?
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What happens to chondrocytes as they hypertrophy during endochondral ossification?
What happens to chondrocytes as they hypertrophy during endochondral ossification?
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When does the development of the primary ossification center occur in endochondral ossification?
When does the development of the primary ossification center occur in endochondral ossification?
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What surrounds the blood vessels that form the trabeculae during bone formation?
What surrounds the blood vessels that form the trabeculae during bone formation?
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Which type of ossification involves the direct formation of bone within mesenchyme tissue?
Which type of ossification involves the direct formation of bone within mesenchyme tissue?
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How is bone growth in length primarily achieved during infancy, childhood, and adolescence?
How is bone growth in length primarily achieved during infancy, childhood, and adolescence?
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In endochondral ossification, which zone of the epiphyseal plate is responsible for growth in size and no longer undergoes mitosis?
In endochondral ossification, which zone of the epiphyseal plate is responsible for growth in size and no longer undergoes mitosis?
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What is the process where periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts that secrete collagen fibers and organic molecules for bone growth in width?
What is the process where periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts that secrete collagen fibers and organic molecules for bone growth in width?
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What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone development during childhood and adolescence?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone development during childhood and adolescence?
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Which type of cartilage remains present at the epiphyseal plate through interstitial growth during childhood?
Which type of cartilage remains present at the epiphyseal plate through interstitial growth during childhood?
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Which type of fracture involves one end of the bone being driven into the other?
Which type of fracture involves one end of the bone being driven into the other?
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What is the characteristic of a greenstick fracture?
What is the characteristic of a greenstick fracture?
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Which phase of bone repair involves the formation of fibrocartilaginous and bony callus?
Which phase of bone repair involves the formation of fibrocartilaginous and bony callus?
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What happens during the bone remodeling phase of bone repair?
What happens during the bone remodeling phase of bone repair?
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Which age group shows bone resorption surpassing bone deposition?
Which age group shows bone resorption surpassing bone deposition?
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Which stage of life has osteoblasts outpacing osteoclasts?
Which stage of life has osteoblasts outpacing osteoclasts?
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What type of ossification is responsible for bone formation in the long bones?
What type of ossification is responsible for bone formation in the long bones?
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Which type of fracture involves splintering or crushing of the bone?
Which type of fracture involves splintering or crushing of the bone?
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What characterizes an open (compound) fracture?
What characterizes an open (compound) fracture?
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During which phase of bone repair do osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts?
During which phase of bone repair do osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts?
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Study Notes
Bone Tissue
- 60% of bone tissue is composed of inorganic components, including calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) and calcium hydroxide (Ca2(OH)2)
- Bone cells:
- Osteoprogenitors: develop into mature bone cells, found in periosteum and endosteum, and are mitotic cells
- Osteoblasts: form bone matrix, also known as builders
- Osteocytes: reside in lacunae, are mature bone cells, and communicate with each other via canaliculi
- Osteoclasts: break down and resorb bone matrix, are large multinucleated cells (~30), and resorb Ca2+ into the bloodstream
Bone Tissue Comparison
- Compact bone (cortical or dense bone tissue):
- Dense and solid to the unaided eye, but porous when viewed under a microscope
- External surface: flat bones have two layers with spongy bone in between (e.g. clavicle)
- Spongy bone (trabecular or cancellous bone tissue):
- Trabeculae: open latticework of narrow plates
- Internal surface
- Abundant in epiphysis (forces coming in all directions)
- Two unique characteristics: light and supports/protects red bone marrow (e.g. hip bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, proximal humerus and femur)
Compact Bone Organization
- The basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone is the osteon
- Cylindrical in shape
- Parallel to the shaft
- Osteon components:
- Canals: central (also known as osteonic or Haversian), perforating (also known as Volkman or interosteonic), and canaliculi
- Calcium deposition: secretion of ECM stops, osteocytes are formed, and Ca2+ is deposited into ECM
- Formation of trabeculae: form around blood vessels, and are surrounded by connective tissue (CT) which becomes red bone marrow
- Development of periosteum: from surrounding mesenchyme, surface layers develop compact bone
Ossification
- Ossification: the formation and development of bone
- AKA osteogenesis
- Begins 6-8 weeks of embryonic development and continues into adulthood
- Two general patterns: intramembranous and endochondral ossification
- Endochondral ossification:
- Begins with a hyaline cartilage model
- Produces the majority of bones in the body
- Six stages of endochondral ossification:
- Development of cartilage model
- Growth of cartilage model
- Development of primary ossification center
- Development of medullary cavity
- Development of lamellae
- Formation of trabeculae
Blood and Nerve Supply
- Arteries and veins:
- Periosteal: enter periosteum in diaphysis through interosteonic (perpendicular) canals
- Nutrient: enters dominant away from growth end of bone
- Metaphyseal: between diaphysis and epiphyseal plate
- Epiphyseal: in epiphysis, supplies red bone marrow
- Nerves:
- Accompany blood vessels
- Periosteum: rich in nerve supply
Ossification Patterns
- Intramembranous ossification:
- Develops from mesenchyme
- Produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, the mandible, and central portions of the clavicle
- Four stages of intramembranous ossification:
- Development of ossification center
- Short bones: length = width
- Flat bones: thin surfaces
- Irregular bones: vertebral column, sacrum, innominate, facial bones
Long Bone Anatomy
- Diaphysis: long cylindrical shaft
- Singular
- Epiphyses: at ends of bone
- Strengthens joints
- Attachment site for ligaments and tendons
- Metaphysis: between diaphysis and epiphyses
- Contains epiphyseal plate, which becomes a line or scar when bone stops growing
- Articular cartilage: thin layer of hyaline covering epiphysis
- Reduces friction
- Periosteum: covers external surfaces of bones, except where there is articular cartilage
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Anchor for blood vessels, nerves, and tendons
- Medullary cavity: in diaphysis
- Usually contains yellow marrow
- Endosteum: covers most of the medullary cavity
- Single layer of cells (bone-building osteoblasts)
- Under torsional force as cells lay down new bone
Bone Surface Markings
- Depressions (fossa, groove) and openings (foramen, meatus, canal)
- Form joints or allow passage of blood vessels and nerves
- Processes, projections of outward growth
- Serve as attachment sites for tendons and ligaments
Histology of Bone Tissue
- Bone matrix:
- 40% organic components
- Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
- Collagen fibers: give flexibility and resist bending
- Chondroitin sulfate: provides framework for bone growth
- Bone growth:
- Growth in length: interstitial growth of cartilage on epiphyseal side of plate + replacement of cartilage by bone on diaphyseal side
- Growth in thickness: appositional growth = growth in width, occurs throughout lifespan
Bone Development
- Bone growth during infancy, childhood, and adolescence:
- Growth in length: interstitial growth of cartilage on epiphyseal side of plate + replacement of cartilage by bone on diaphyseal side
- Growth in thickness: appositional growth = growth in width, occurs throughout lifespan
- Bone growth and development:
- Vit D (hormone): promotes Ca2+ and phosphorus absorption in intestine
- Vit K and B12: synthesis of bone proteins
- Fractures:
- Any break in the bone
- Common types: open (compound), comminuted, greenstick, impacted, and Pott's
- Three steps to repair bone fractures:
- Reactive phase: fracture hematoma, nearby cells die, and phagocytes and osteocytes clean up remains
- Restorative phase: formation of fibrocartilaginous and bony callus
- Bone remodeling phase: dead portions absorbed by osteoclasts, and compact bone replaces spongy bone in periphery
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Description
Explore the development of secondary ossification centers (epiphyses) and the formation of the epiphyseal plate in childhood. Understand how bone growth occurs outward and how the epiphyseal plate remains hyaline cartilage through interstitial growth. Dive into the process of bone growth during infancy, childhood, and adolescence, focusing on growth in length through interstitial growth of cartilage.
