Bone Growth and Remodeling Processes Quiz

Bone Growth and Remodeling Processes

• Longitudinal bone growth occurs through endochondral ossification, with osteoblasts depositing the cortex beneath the periosteum at the midshaft and endochondral ossification proceeding at each longitudinal end.
• The growth plate or physis forms from a plate of cartilage entrapped between the expanding centers of ossification, where chondrocytes undergo sequential proliferation, hypertrophy, and apoptosis.
• The region of apoptosis in the growth plate mineralizes and is invaded by capillaries, allowing osteoblasts to synthesize osteoid and produce longitudinal bone growth.
• The metaphysis is the region where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis and contains the epiphyseal growth plate.
• The epiphysis is the longitudinal end of a long bone where secondary ossification occurs.
• The diaphysis is the midshaft of the long bone where primary ossification occurs.
• The four zones of the growing end include the zone of resting/reserve cartilage, zone of proliferation, zone of maturation, and zone of calcification.
• Intramembranous ossification involves mesenchymal cells directly forming osteoblasts and laying down bone without cartilage, contributing to bone width/girth growth.
• Bone modeling includes endochondral ossification for length growth and intramembranous ossification for width/girth growth.
• Bone remodeling involves osteoblastic bone deposition and osteoclastic resorption, maintaining balance in bone structure and occurs throughout life.
• Wolf's law states that bone remodeling occurs at sites experiencing physical stress, with resorption in areas with little stress.
• Protein Calorie/Energy Malnutrition (PCM or PEM) is the most common cause of retarded longitudinal bone growth, affecting the function of growth hormones, thyroxine, and sex hormones. Bone Multicellular Unit (BMU) is the unit of coupled osteoblast and osteoclast activity on the bone surface where remodeling occurs.