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Questions and Answers
Where do skeletal muscles of the trunk derive from?
Where do skeletal muscles of the trunk derive from?
Which type of muscle tissues are also called skeletal muscles?
Which type of muscle tissues are also called skeletal muscles?
Where do most of the craniofacial muscles derive from?
Where do most of the craniofacial muscles derive from?
What is the process through which mesenchymal cells of the myotomes differentiate into muscular progenitors called myoblasts?
What is the process through which mesenchymal cells of the myotomes differentiate into muscular progenitors called myoblasts?
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From which of the following embryonic origins do myogenic cells of skeletal muscles have distinct origins?
From which of the following embryonic origins do myogenic cells of skeletal muscles have distinct origins?
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What type of ossification forms the facial skeleton and the bones of the roof of the cranium?
What type of ossification forms the facial skeleton and the bones of the roof of the cranium?
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Which muscle differentiation process produces the same contractile proteins as skeletal and cardiac muscles, but in a different pattern?
Which muscle differentiation process produces the same contractile proteins as skeletal and cardiac muscles, but in a different pattern?
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What cells give rise to one cardiac muscle cell each?
What cells give rise to one cardiac muscle cell each?
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Which process forms the axial skeleton and the bones of the base of the cranium?
Which process forms the axial skeleton and the bones of the base of the cranium?
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Under what circumstances can satellite cells differentiate into new muscle fibers?
Under what circumstances can satellite cells differentiate into new muscle fibers?
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What is responsible for the bone's length growth?
What is responsible for the bone's length growth?
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Which tissue becomes the synovial membrane during synovial joint formation?
Which tissue becomes the synovial membrane during synovial joint formation?
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How does the axial skeleton form?
How does the axial skeleton form?
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Where does the development of joints occur?
Where does the development of joints occur?
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How do the ribs initially develop?
How do the ribs initially develop?
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What forms the transverse and costal processes in vertebrae development?
What forms the transverse and costal processes in vertebrae development?
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What do limb buds result from?
What do limb buds result from?
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What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?
What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?
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What forms intra-articular ligaments during synovial joint formation?
What forms intra-articular ligaments during synovial joint formation?
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What happens to the anterior portion of the ribs in the thorax region?
What happens to the anterior portion of the ribs in the thorax region?
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What is the initial form of the sternum before it ossifies into sternebrae?
What is the initial form of the sternum before it ossifies into sternebrae?
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What is responsible for forming the synovial cavity during synovial joint formation?
What is responsible for forming the synovial cavity during synovial joint formation?
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What type of cells are responsible for creating new bone material?
What type of cells are responsible for creating new bone material?
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Where do primary and secondary ossification centers form in long bones?
Where do primary and secondary ossification centers form in long bones?
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What is the process of growing cartilage being replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton called?
What is the process of growing cartilage being replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton called?
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Which type of bone formation involves the direct transformation of mesenchyme into bone tissue?
Which type of bone formation involves the direct transformation of mesenchyme into bone tissue?
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What type of cells form the calcified bone tissue?
What type of cells form the calcified bone tissue?
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Which cells are responsible for removing old bone tissue to control bone reshaping?
Which cells are responsible for removing old bone tissue to control bone reshaping?
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What type of bone formation forms flat bones like the skull and face?
What type of bone formation forms flat bones like the skull and face?
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What is the name of the fibrous layer surrounding bones responsible for their growth?
What is the name of the fibrous layer surrounding bones responsible for their growth?
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Where do osteocytes, mature bone cells, form inside the bone?
Where do osteocytes, mature bone cells, form inside the bone?
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What is the name of the clusters of mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and form ossification centers?
What is the name of the clusters of mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and form ossification centers?
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What is the name of the process involving the formation of cartilaginous bones gradually replaced by ossified bones?
What is the name of the process involving the formation of cartilaginous bones gradually replaced by ossified bones?
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What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?
What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?
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Which signaling centers regulate the pattern of morphogenesis by creating specific morphogenic gradients?
Which signaling centers regulate the pattern of morphogenesis by creating specific morphogenic gradients?
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What is the default construction from a handplate/footplate in domestic mammals?
What is the default construction from a handplate/footplate in domestic mammals?
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What do odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and rhinoceroses, have in terms of functional fingers?
What do odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and rhinoceroses, have in terms of functional fingers?
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How do artiodactyls, such as pigs and ruminants, bear their weight?
How do artiodactyls, such as pigs and ruminants, bear their weight?
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What is the embryonic pattern of digitigrade animals like?
What is the embryonic pattern of digitigrade animals like?
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Which congenital defect is caused by premature ossification of the growth cartilages of the extremities?
Which congenital defect is caused by premature ossification of the growth cartilages of the extremities?
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What can result in Arthrogryposis?
What can result in Arthrogryposis?
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What does Polydactyly refer to?
What does Polydactyly refer to?
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What is responsible for regional differentiation of the limbs?
What is responsible for regional differentiation of the limbs?
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What are the three stances based on how the bones in their limbs touch the ground?
What are the three stances based on how the bones in their limbs touch the ground?
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What is the process through which mesenchymal cells of the myotomes differentiate into muscular progenitors called myoblasts?
What is the process through which mesenchymal cells of the myotomes differentiate into muscular progenitors called myoblasts?
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What is the name of the clusters of mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and form ossification centers?
What is the name of the clusters of mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and form ossification centers?
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What does Polydactyly refer to?
What does Polydactyly refer to?
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What can result in Arthrogryposis?
What can result in Arthrogryposis?
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Where do osteocytes, mature bone cells, form inside the bone?
Where do osteocytes, mature bone cells, form inside the bone?
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What forms the transverse and costal processes in vertebrae development?
What forms the transverse and costal processes in vertebrae development?
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What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?
What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?
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What is the origin of the neurocranium or braincase bones?
What is the origin of the neurocranium or braincase bones?
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Which embryonic structure contributes significantly to the development of the head's complex structure?
Which embryonic structure contributes significantly to the development of the head's complex structure?
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How do the individual bones of the face develop in the embryo?
How do the individual bones of the face develop in the embryo?
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From which pharyngeal arch is the nerve sensation supplied to the tongue?
From which pharyngeal arch is the nerve sensation supplied to the tongue?
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Which part of the tongue is derived from the floor of the 1st pharyngeal arch?
Which part of the tongue is derived from the floor of the 1st pharyngeal arch?
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What gives rise to the individual teeth during tooth development?
What gives rise to the individual teeth during tooth development?
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Where do most salivary glands derive from?
Where do most salivary glands derive from?
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During development, the nasal cavity is initially formed from the frontonasal prominence, which divides into the frontal bone and ________________.
During development, the nasal cavity is initially formed from the frontonasal prominence, which divides into the frontal bone and ________________.
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What structure separates the primitive nasal cavity into two nasal passages during development?
What structure separates the primitive nasal cavity into two nasal passages during development?
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In the development of the oral cavity, what structure separates the oral and nasal cavities?
In the development of the oral cavity, what structure separates the oral and nasal cavities?
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During development, which embryonic structures contribute significantly to the formation of the head in mammals?
During development, which embryonic structures contribute significantly to the formation of the head in mammals?
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Which process is responsible for the formation of the base of the cranium from the cranial paraxial mesoderm and the first four somites?
Which process is responsible for the formation of the base of the cranium from the cranial paraxial mesoderm and the first four somites?
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Which type of ossification is responsible for the formation of the relatively flat bones that make up the roof of the cranium?
Which type of ossification is responsible for the formation of the relatively flat bones that make up the roof of the cranium?
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From which embryonic origin does the visceral skeleton of the face differentiate, forming the support for the oral cavity, pharynx, and upper respiratory system?
From which embryonic origin does the visceral skeleton of the face differentiate, forming the support for the oral cavity, pharynx, and upper respiratory system?
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During the development of the palate, the primary palate forms between which prominences?
During the development of the palate, the primary palate forms between which prominences?
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Which of the following is a congenital abnormality involving the lip?
Which of the following is a congenital abnormality involving the lip?
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Where does the oral cavity develop from during embryonic development?
Where does the oral cavity develop from during embryonic development?
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What separates the primitive nasal cavity into two nasal passages during development?
What separates the primitive nasal cavity into two nasal passages during development?
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Which part of the tongue is derived from the first pharyngeal arch?
Which part of the tongue is derived from the first pharyngeal arch?
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What contributes significantly to the determination of the shape of the head during development?
What contributes significantly to the determination of the shape of the head during development?
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What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?
What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?
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Where do most of the craniofacial muscles derive from?
Where do most of the craniofacial muscles derive from?
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What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?
What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?
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Which signaling centers regulate the pattern of morphogenesis by creating specific morphogenic gradients?
Which signaling centers regulate the pattern of morphogenesis by creating specific morphogenic gradients?
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During development, where does the nasal cavity initially form from?
During development, where does the nasal cavity initially form from?
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Which structure separates the oral and nasal cavities during development?
Which structure separates the oral and nasal cavities during development?
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Which embryonic structure significantly contributes to the development of the head's complex structure?
Which embryonic structure significantly contributes to the development of the head's complex structure?
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Where do most salivary glands derive from?
Where do most salivary glands derive from?
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What is responsible for regional differentiation of the limbs?
What is responsible for regional differentiation of the limbs?
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What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?
What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?
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What forms the transverse and costal processes in vertebrae development?
What forms the transverse and costal processes in vertebrae development?
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What gives rise to the individual teeth during tooth development?
What gives rise to the individual teeth during tooth development?
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From which pharyngeal arch is the nerve sensation supplied to the tongue?
From which pharyngeal arch is the nerve sensation supplied to the tongue?
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What is responsible for forming the synovial cavity during synovial joint formation?
What is responsible for forming the synovial cavity during synovial joint formation?
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Where do skeletal muscles of the trunk derive from?
Where do skeletal muscles of the trunk derive from?
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Where do most of the craniofacial muscles derive from?
Where do most of the craniofacial muscles derive from?
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What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?
What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?
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What is responsible for forming the alveolar bone (tooth socket) and periodontal ligament during tooth development?
What is responsible for forming the alveolar bone (tooth socket) and periodontal ligament during tooth development?
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During embryonic development, which of the following contributes significantly to the formation of the base of the cranium?
During embryonic development, which of the following contributes significantly to the formation of the base of the cranium?
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What is responsible for differentiating the visceral skeleton of the face from mesenchyme migrated from the first pharyngeal arches?
What is responsible for differentiating the visceral skeleton of the face from mesenchyme migrated from the first pharyngeal arches?
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Which type of ossification is responsible for forming the relatively flat bones that make up the roof of the cranium?
Which type of ossification is responsible for forming the relatively flat bones that make up the roof of the cranium?
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What separates the oral and nasal cavities during embryonic development?
What separates the oral and nasal cavities during embryonic development?
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Which part of the tongue is derived from the first pharyngeal arch?
Which part of the tongue is derived from the first pharyngeal arch?
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What significantly contributes to the determination of the head's shape during development?
What significantly contributes to the determination of the head's shape during development?
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From which pharyngeal arch does the nerve sensation supply the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
From which pharyngeal arch does the nerve sensation supply the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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What is responsible for forming the alveolar bone (tooth socket) and periodontal ligament during tooth development?
What is responsible for forming the alveolar bone (tooth socket) and periodontal ligament during tooth development?
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From which embryonic layer do the salivary glands derive?
From which embryonic layer do the salivary glands derive?
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What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?
What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?
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Study Notes
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The apical ridge, a thickened edge of the ectoderm along the outer margin of the limb bud, is formed by the interaction between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm.
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Limb buds are formed by the proliferation of mesodermal masses, covered by the thickened epidermis, and the migration of myogenic precursor cells from the somites.
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The apical ridge induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds.
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Regional differentiation of the limbs occurs through a three-dimensional pattern of development: proximal-distal, medial-lateral, and dorsal-ventral.
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Three signaling centers regulate this pattern of morphogenesis by creating specific morphogenic gradients.
-
The filling mesenchyme differentiates into specific bones, and the migrated myoblasts form initial masses that later subdivide into individual muscles.
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The homologies in the development of both thoracic and pelvic limbs indicate that the same set of bones are present in varying forms and sizes, reflecting the adaptations of different species.
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Domestic mammals have a default construction from a handplate/footplate consisting of a flattened, paddle-shaped region with five radiating digits.
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Species may undergo further degeneration and/or fusion of developing digits resulting in less than five digits.
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Mammals have three stances based on how the bones in their limbs touch the ground: plantigrade (ungulates), digitigrade (carnivores), and unguligrade (ungulates).
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Ungulates have hooves, which are covered tips of their digits that they use to sustain their body weight.
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Odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and rhinoceroses, have one functional finger, while the other digits are smaller and rudimentary.
-
Artiodactyls, such as pigs and ruminants, have two functional fingers, and their weight is borne by the two middle fingers of approximately equal size.
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Digitigrade animals, such as dogs, stand or walk on their digits. They retain the original embryonic pattern of five digital fingers, and some digits may be vestigial.
-
Congenital defects in the development of the limbs include Achondroplasia, Arthrogryposis, and Polydactyly.
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Achondroplasia is a form of short-limbed dwarfism caused by premature ossification of the growth cartilages of the extremities.
-
Arthrogryposis can result from malformed joints, denervation, abnormal muscle tension, or impaired mobility in utero.
-
Polydactyly is the presence of extra digits or fused digits.
-
The apical ridge, a thickened edge of the ectoderm along the outer margin of the limb bud, is formed by the interaction between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm.
-
Limb buds are formed by the proliferation of mesodermal masses, covered by the thickened epidermis, and the migration of myogenic precursor cells from the somites.
-
The apical ridge induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds.
-
Regional differentiation of the limbs occurs through a three-dimensional pattern of development: proximal-distal, medial-lateral, and dorsal-ventral.
-
Three signaling centers regulate this pattern of morphogenesis by creating specific morphogenic gradients.
-
The filling mesenchyme differentiates into specific bones, and the migrated myoblasts form initial masses that later subdivide into individual muscles.
-
The homologies in the development of both thoracic and pelvic limbs indicate that the same set of bones are present in varying forms and sizes, reflecting the adaptations of different species.
-
Domestic mammals have a default construction from a handplate/footplate consisting of a flattened, paddle-shaped region with five radiating digits.
-
Species may undergo further degeneration and/or fusion of developing digits resulting in less than five digits.
-
Mammals have three stances based on how the bones in their limbs touch the ground: plantigrade (ungulates), digitigrade (carnivores), and unguligrade (ungulates).
-
Ungulates have hooves, which are covered tips of their digits that they use to sustain their body weight.
-
Odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and rhinoceroses, have one functional finger, while the other digits are smaller and rudimentary.
-
Artiodactyls, such as pigs and ruminants, have two functional fingers, and their weight is borne by the two middle fingers of approximately equal size.
-
Digitigrade animals, such as dogs, stand or walk on their digits. They retain the original embryonic pattern of five digital fingers, and some digits may be vestigial.
-
Congenital defects in the development of the limbs include Achondroplasia, Arthrogryposis, and Polydactyly.
-
Achondroplasia is a form of short-limbed dwarfism caused by premature ossification of the growth cartilages of the extremities.
-
Arthrogryposis can result from malformed joints, denervation, abnormal muscle tension, or impaired mobility in utero.
-
Polydactyly is the presence of extra digits or fused digits.
-
The skull consists of two main parts: neurocranium and viscerocranium (or facial skeleton)
-
The nasal cavity forms from the frontonasal prominence, which divides into frontal bone and nasal processes
-
Initially, nasal placodes grow at the rostral end of the frontonasal prominence, leading to the formation of nasal pits and primitive nasal cavity
-
A longitudinal fold, nasal septum, grows in the midline of the primitive nasal cavity, separating it into two nasal passages
-
The shape of the head is determined by the growth of frontal, nasal, maxillary, and mandibular prominences
-
The development of the palate separates the oral and nasal cavities, with a primary palate forming between the maxillary prominences and a secondary palate developing from palatine processes
-
Congenital abnormalities of the palate include cleft palate and cheiloschisis (hare lip)
-
Oral clefts can affect different parts of the oral cavity, including the lip, alveolar process, soft palate, and hard palate
-
The oral cavity develops through the formation of an ectodermal invagination called the stomodeum
-
The lips and gingivae form from labiogingival laminae, which invaginate into the underlying ectomesenchyme
-
The tongue develops from several swellings in the pharynx, with the body and apex derived from the first pharyngeal arch and the root from the second pharyngeal arch.
-
The skull consists of two main parts: neurocranium and viscerocranium (or facial skeleton)
-
The nasal cavity forms from the frontonasal prominence, which divides into frontal bone and nasal processes
-
Initially, nasal placodes grow at the rostral end of the frontonasal prominence, leading to the formation of nasal pits and primitive nasal cavity
-
A longitudinal fold, nasal septum, grows in the midline of the primitive nasal cavity, separating it into two nasal passages
-
The shape of the head is determined by the growth of frontal, nasal, maxillary, and mandibular prominences
-
The development of the palate separates the oral and nasal cavities, with a primary palate forming between the maxillary prominences and a secondary palate developing from palatine processes
-
Congenital abnormalities of the palate include cleft palate and cheiloschisis (hare lip)
-
Oral clefts can affect different parts of the oral cavity, including the lip, alveolar process, soft palate, and hard palate
-
The oral cavity develops through the formation of an ectodermal invagination called the stomodeum
-
The lips and gingivae form from labiogingival laminae, which invaginate into the underlying ectomesenchyme
-
The tongue develops from several swellings in the pharynx, with the body and apex derived from the first pharyngeal arch and the root from the second pharyngeal arch.
-
The skull consists of two main parts: neurocranium and viscerocranium (or facial skeleton)
-
The nasal cavity forms from the frontonasal prominence, which divides into frontal bone and nasal processes
-
Initially, nasal placodes grow at the rostral end of the frontonasal prominence, leading to the formation of nasal pits and primitive nasal cavity
-
A longitudinal fold, nasal septum, grows in the midline of the primitive nasal cavity, separating it into two nasal passages
-
The shape of the head is determined by the growth of frontal, nasal, maxillary, and mandibular prominences
-
The development of the palate separates the oral and nasal cavities, with a primary palate forming between the maxillary prominences and a secondary palate developing from palatine processes
-
Congenital abnormalities of the palate include cleft palate and cheiloschisis (hare lip)
-
Oral clefts can affect different parts of the oral cavity, including the lip, alveolar process, soft palate, and hard palate
-
The oral cavity develops through the formation of an ectodermal invagination called the stomodeum
-
The lips and gingivae form from labiogingival laminae, which invaginate into the underlying ectomesenchyme
-
The tongue develops from several swellings in the pharynx, with the body and apex derived from the first pharyngeal arch and the root from the second pharyngeal arch.
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Test your knowledge of bone formation processes with this quiz. Learn about endochondral ossification, the process of cartilage being gradually replaced by ossified bones, and its comparison with intramembranous ossification.
