SEM_14_Bone Formation Processes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Where do skeletal muscles of the trunk derive from?

Branchial mesenchyme

Somites

Cranial paraxial mesoderm

Myotomes (correct)

Which type of muscle tissues are also called skeletal muscles?

Myoblasts

Cardiac muscles

Striated muscles (correct)

Smooth muscles

Where do most of the craniofacial muscles derive from?

Myotomes

Branchial mesenchyme (correct)

Cranial paraxial mesoderm

Somites

What is the process through which mesenchymal cells of the myotomes differentiate into muscular progenitors called myoblasts?

Myogenesis Signup and view all the answers

From which of the following embryonic origins do myogenic cells of skeletal muscles have distinct origins?

Epaxial and hypaxial Signup and view all the answers

What type of ossification forms the facial skeleton and the bones of the roof of the cranium?

Intramembranous ossification from branchial ectomesenchyme Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle differentiation process produces the same contractile proteins as skeletal and cardiac muscles, but in a different pattern?

Smooth muscle differentiation Signup and view all the answers

What cells give rise to one cardiac muscle cell each?

Myoblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which process forms the axial skeleton and the bones of the base of the cranium?

Endochondral ossification from sclerotomes Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances can satellite cells differentiate into new muscle fibers?

Under certain circumstances Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the bone's length growth?

Epiphyseal plate Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue becomes the synovial membrane during synovial joint formation?

Tissue bordering the synovial cavity Signup and view all the answers

How does the axial skeleton form?

By accumulation and differentiation of mesenchyme cells around the notochord Signup and view all the answers

Where does the development of joints occur?

Where bones come together Signup and view all the answers

How do the ribs initially develop?

As part of the cartilage model for each vertebra Signup and view all the answers

What forms the transverse and costal processes in vertebrae development?

Mesenchyme in the interzone region Signup and view all the answers

What do limb buds result from?

Proliferation and condensation of parietal mesenchyme covered by ectoderm Signup and view all the answers

What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?

Interzone region Signup and view all the answers

What forms intra-articular ligaments during synovial joint formation?

Interzone mesenchyme Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the anterior portion of the ribs in the thorax region?

It forms costal cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial form of the sternum before it ossifies into sternebrae?

Cartilaginous bars that fuse in median plane Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for forming the synovial cavity during synovial joint formation?

Interzone mesenchyme Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are responsible for creating new bone material?

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

Where do primary and secondary ossification centers form in long bones?

Diaphysis and epiphyses Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of growing cartilage being replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton called?

Endochondral ossification Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone formation involves the direct transformation of mesenchyme into bone tissue?

Intramembranous ossification Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells form the calcified bone tissue?

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for removing old bone tissue to control bone reshaping?

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone formation forms flat bones like the skull and face?

Intramembranous ossification Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fibrous layer surrounding bones responsible for their growth?

Periosteum Signup and view all the answers

Where do osteocytes, mature bone cells, form inside the bone?

In the calcified bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the clusters of mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and form ossification centers?

Osteoprogenitor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process involving the formation of cartilaginous bones gradually replaced by ossified bones?

Endochondral ossification Signup and view all the answers

What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?

The apical ridge Signup and view all the answers

Which signaling centers regulate the pattern of morphogenesis by creating specific morphogenic gradients?

Three signaling centers Signup and view all the answers

What is the default construction from a handplate/footplate in domestic mammals?

A flattened, paddle-shaped region with five radiating digits Signup and view all the answers

What do odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and rhinoceroses, have in terms of functional fingers?

One functional finger Signup and view all the answers

How do artiodactyls, such as pigs and ruminants, bear their weight?

By standing on two middle fingers of approximately equal size Signup and view all the answers

What is the embryonic pattern of digitigrade animals like?

Five digital fingers Signup and view all the answers

Which congenital defect is caused by premature ossification of the growth cartilages of the extremities?

Achondroplasia Signup and view all the answers

What can result in Arthrogryposis?

Malformed joints or denervation Signup and view all the answers

What does Polydactyly refer to?

Presence of extra digits or fused digits Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for regional differentiation of the limbs?

Apical ridge Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stances based on how the bones in their limbs touch the ground?

Plantigrade, digitigrade, and unguligrade Signup and view all the answers

What is the process through which mesenchymal cells of the myotomes differentiate into muscular progenitors called myoblasts?

Myogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the clusters of mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and form ossification centers?

Mesenchymal condensations Signup and view all the answers

What does Polydactyly refer to?

Presence of extra digits or fused digits Signup and view all the answers

What can result in Arthrogryposis?

Malformed joints Signup and view all the answers

Where do osteocytes, mature bone cells, form inside the bone?

Canaliculi Signup and view all the answers

What forms the transverse and costal processes in vertebrae development?

Chondrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?

Mesenchyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the neurocranium or braincase bones?

Endochondral ossification from the cranial paraxial mesoderm Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic structure contributes significantly to the development of the head's complex structure?

Cranial somites Signup and view all the answers

How do the individual bones of the face develop in the embryo?

Intramembranous ossification from the branchial ectomesenchyme Signup and view all the answers

From which pharyngeal arch is the nerve sensation supplied to the tongue?

Third pharyngeal arch Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tongue is derived from the floor of the 1st pharyngeal arch?

Anterior 2/3 (apex and body) Signup and view all the answers

What gives rise to the individual teeth during tooth development?

Dental lamina Signup and view all the answers

Where do most salivary glands derive from?

Ectoderm Signup and view all the answers

During development, the nasal cavity is initially formed from the frontonasal prominence, which divides into the frontal bone and ________________.

Nasal processes Signup and view all the answers

What structure separates the primitive nasal cavity into two nasal passages during development?

Nasal septum Signup and view all the answers

In the development of the oral cavity, what structure separates the oral and nasal cavities?

Palatine processes Signup and view all the answers

During development, which embryonic structures contribute significantly to the formation of the head in mammals?

Branchial structures and neural crests Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the formation of the base of the cranium from the cranial paraxial mesoderm and the first four somites?

Endochondral ossification Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ossification is responsible for the formation of the relatively flat bones that make up the roof of the cranium?

Intramembranous ossification from ectomesenchyme Signup and view all the answers

From which embryonic origin does the visceral skeleton of the face differentiate, forming the support for the oral cavity, pharynx, and upper respiratory system?

Mesenchyme migrated from pharyngeal arches Signup and view all the answers

During the development of the palate, the primary palate forms between which prominences?

Mandibular and maxillary prominences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a congenital abnormality involving the lip?

Cheiloschisis Signup and view all the answers

Where does the oral cavity develop from during embryonic development?

Ectodermal invagination Signup and view all the answers

What separates the primitive nasal cavity into two nasal passages during development?

Nasal septum Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tongue is derived from the first pharyngeal arch?

Body Signup and view all the answers

What contributes significantly to the determination of the shape of the head during development?

Maxillary prominences Signup and view all the answers

What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?

Sonic hedgehog signaling Signup and view all the answers

Where do most of the craniofacial muscles derive from?

First pharyngeal arch Signup and view all the answers

What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?

Lips and gingivae Signup and view all the answers

Which signaling centers regulate the pattern of morphogenesis by creating specific morphogenic gradients?

Sonic hedgehog signaling Signup and view all the answers

During development, where does the nasal cavity initially form from?

Frontonasal prominence Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the oral and nasal cavities during development?

Palatine processes Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic structure significantly contributes to the development of the head's complex structure?

First pharyngeal arch Signup and view all the answers

Where do most salivary glands derive from?

Ectoderm Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for regional differentiation of the limbs?

Dental papilla Signup and view all the answers

What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?

Tooth germ Signup and view all the answers

What forms the transverse and costal processes in vertebrae development?

Mesenchymal cells Signup and view all the answers

What gives rise to the individual teeth during tooth development?

Dental papilla Signup and view all the answers

From which pharyngeal arch is the nerve sensation supplied to the tongue?

Third pharyngeal arch Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for forming the synovial cavity during synovial joint formation?

Mesenchymal cells Signup and view all the answers

Where do skeletal muscles of the trunk derive from?

Occipital somites Signup and view all the answers

Where do most of the craniofacial muscles derive from?

Third and fourth pharyngeal arches Signup and view all the answers

What becomes fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, or synovial tissue during joint development?

Endoderm Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for forming the alveolar bone (tooth socket) and periodontal ligament during tooth development?

Dental sac Signup and view all the answers

During embryonic development, which of the following contributes significantly to the formation of the base of the cranium?

Cranial somites Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for differentiating the visceral skeleton of the face from mesenchyme migrated from the first pharyngeal arches?

Branchial arches Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ossification is responsible for forming the relatively flat bones that make up the roof of the cranium?

Intramembranous ossification Signup and view all the answers

What separates the oral and nasal cavities during embryonic development?

Nasal septum Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tongue is derived from the first pharyngeal arch?

Floor of the 1st pharyngeal arch Signup and view all the answers

What significantly contributes to the determination of the head's shape during development?

Maxillary prominences Signup and view all the answers

From which pharyngeal arch does the nerve sensation supply the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

First pharyngeal arch Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for forming the alveolar bone (tooth socket) and periodontal ligament during tooth development?

Dental sac or follicle Signup and view all the answers

From which embryonic layer do the salivary glands derive?

Endoderm Signup and view all the answers

What induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds?

Mesenchymal cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The apical ridge, a thickened edge of the ectoderm along the outer margin of the limb bud, is formed by the interaction between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm.
Limb buds are formed by the proliferation of mesodermal masses, covered by the thickened epidermis, and the migration of myogenic precursor cells from the somites.
The apical ridge induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds.
Regional differentiation of the limbs occurs through a three-dimensional pattern of development: proximal-distal, medial-lateral, and dorsal-ventral.
Three signaling centers regulate this pattern of morphogenesis by creating specific morphogenic gradients.
The filling mesenchyme differentiates into specific bones, and the migrated myoblasts form initial masses that later subdivide into individual muscles.
The homologies in the development of both thoracic and pelvic limbs indicate that the same set of bones are present in varying forms and sizes, reflecting the adaptations of different species.
Domestic mammals have a default construction from a handplate/footplate consisting of a flattened, paddle-shaped region with five radiating digits.
Species may undergo further degeneration and/or fusion of developing digits resulting in less than five digits.
Mammals have three stances based on how the bones in their limbs touch the ground: plantigrade (ungulates), digitigrade (carnivores), and unguligrade (ungulates).
Ungulates have hooves, which are covered tips of their digits that they use to sustain their body weight.
Odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and rhinoceroses, have one functional finger, while the other digits are smaller and rudimentary.
Artiodactyls, such as pigs and ruminants, have two functional fingers, and their weight is borne by the two middle fingers of approximately equal size.
Digitigrade animals, such as dogs, stand or walk on their digits. They retain the original embryonic pattern of five digital fingers, and some digits may be vestigial.
Congenital defects in the development of the limbs include Achondroplasia, Arthrogryposis, and Polydactyly.
Achondroplasia is a form of short-limbed dwarfism caused by premature ossification of the growth cartilages of the extremities.
Arthrogryposis can result from malformed joints, denervation, abnormal muscle tension, or impaired mobility in utero.
Polydactyly is the presence of extra digits or fused digits.
The apical ridge, a thickened edge of the ectoderm along the outer margin of the limb bud, is formed by the interaction between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm.
Limb buds are formed by the proliferation of mesodermal masses, covered by the thickened epidermis, and the migration of myogenic precursor cells from the somites.
The apical ridge induces the mesoderm to continue growing into the limb, resulting in the elongation of the buds.
Regional differentiation of the limbs occurs through a three-dimensional pattern of development: proximal-distal, medial-lateral, and dorsal-ventral.
Three signaling centers regulate this pattern of morphogenesis by creating specific morphogenic gradients.
The filling mesenchyme differentiates into specific bones, and the migrated myoblasts form initial masses that later subdivide into individual muscles.
The homologies in the development of both thoracic and pelvic limbs indicate that the same set of bones are present in varying forms and sizes, reflecting the adaptations of different species.
Domestic mammals have a default construction from a handplate/footplate consisting of a flattened, paddle-shaped region with five radiating digits.
Species may undergo further degeneration and/or fusion of developing digits resulting in less than five digits.
Mammals have three stances based on how the bones in their limbs touch the ground: plantigrade (ungulates), digitigrade (carnivores), and unguligrade (ungulates).
Ungulates have hooves, which are covered tips of their digits that they use to sustain their body weight.
Odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and rhinoceroses, have one functional finger, while the other digits are smaller and rudimentary.
Artiodactyls, such as pigs and ruminants, have two functional fingers, and their weight is borne by the two middle fingers of approximately equal size.
Digitigrade animals, such as dogs, stand or walk on their digits. They retain the original embryonic pattern of five digital fingers, and some digits may be vestigial.
Congenital defects in the development of the limbs include Achondroplasia, Arthrogryposis, and Polydactyly.
Achondroplasia is a form of short-limbed dwarfism caused by premature ossification of the growth cartilages of the extremities.
Arthrogryposis can result from malformed joints, denervation, abnormal muscle tension, or impaired mobility in utero.
Polydactyly is the presence of extra digits or fused digits.
The skull consists of two main parts: neurocranium and viscerocranium (or facial skeleton)
The nasal cavity forms from the frontonasal prominence, which divides into frontal bone and nasal processes
Initially, nasal placodes grow at the rostral end of the frontonasal prominence, leading to the formation of nasal pits and primitive nasal cavity
A longitudinal fold, nasal septum, grows in the midline of the primitive nasal cavity, separating it into two nasal passages
The shape of the head is determined by the growth of frontal, nasal, maxillary, and mandibular prominences
The development of the palate separates the oral and nasal cavities, with a primary palate forming between the maxillary prominences and a secondary palate developing from palatine processes
Congenital abnormalities of the palate include cleft palate and cheiloschisis (hare lip)
Oral clefts can affect different parts of the oral cavity, including the lip, alveolar process, soft palate, and hard palate
The oral cavity develops through the formation of an ectodermal invagination called the stomodeum
The lips and gingivae form from labiogingival laminae, which invaginate into the underlying ectomesenchyme
The tongue develops from several swellings in the pharynx, with the body and apex derived from the first pharyngeal arch and the root from the second pharyngeal arch.
The skull consists of two main parts: neurocranium and viscerocranium (or facial skeleton)
The nasal cavity forms from the frontonasal prominence, which divides into frontal bone and nasal processes
Initially, nasal placodes grow at the rostral end of the frontonasal prominence, leading to the formation of nasal pits and primitive nasal cavity
A longitudinal fold, nasal septum, grows in the midline of the primitive nasal cavity, separating it into two nasal passages
The shape of the head is determined by the growth of frontal, nasal, maxillary, and mandibular prominences
The development of the palate separates the oral and nasal cavities, with a primary palate forming between the maxillary prominences and a secondary palate developing from palatine processes
Congenital abnormalities of the palate include cleft palate and cheiloschisis (hare lip)
Oral clefts can affect different parts of the oral cavity, including the lip, alveolar process, soft palate, and hard palate
The oral cavity develops through the formation of an ectodermal invagination called the stomodeum
The lips and gingivae form from labiogingival laminae, which invaginate into the underlying ectomesenchyme
The tongue develops from several swellings in the pharynx, with the body and apex derived from the first pharyngeal arch and the root from the second pharyngeal arch.
The skull consists of two main parts: neurocranium and viscerocranium (or facial skeleton)
The nasal cavity forms from the frontonasal prominence, which divides into frontal bone and nasal processes
Initially, nasal placodes grow at the rostral end of the frontonasal prominence, leading to the formation of nasal pits and primitive nasal cavity
A longitudinal fold, nasal septum, grows in the midline of the primitive nasal cavity, separating it into two nasal passages
The shape of the head is determined by the growth of frontal, nasal, maxillary, and mandibular prominences
The development of the palate separates the oral and nasal cavities, with a primary palate forming between the maxillary prominences and a secondary palate developing from palatine processes
Congenital abnormalities of the palate include cleft palate and cheiloschisis (hare lip)
Oral clefts can affect different parts of the oral cavity, including the lip, alveolar process, soft palate, and hard palate
The oral cavity develops through the formation of an ectodermal invagination called the stomodeum
The lips and gingivae form from labiogingival laminae, which invaginate into the underlying ectomesenchyme
The tongue develops from several swellings in the pharynx, with the body and apex derived from the first pharyngeal arch and the root from the second pharyngeal arch.

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Test your knowledge of bone formation processes with this quiz. Learn about endochondral ossification, the process of cartilage being gradually replaced by ossified bones, and its comparison with intramembranous ossification.