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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of osteoblasts in the process of bone development?
What is the purpose of osteoblasts in the process of bone development?
What is the name of the process where old bone is replaced with new bone?
What is the name of the process where old bone is replaced with new bone?
What is the function of the endosteum?
What is the function of the endosteum?
What is the first step in the process of bone repair?
What is the first step in the process of bone repair?
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What is the name of the process where bone tissue forms from cartilage?
What is the name of the process where bone tissue forms from cartilage?
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What is the function of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?
What is the function of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?
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What is the role of calcium in the body?
What is the role of calcium in the body?
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What is the name of the center where osteoblasts produce bone tissue in the epiphyses?
What is the name of the center where osteoblasts produce bone tissue in the epiphyses?
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What is the term for a hole in a bone?
What is the term for a hole in a bone?
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How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
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What is the term for a rounded projection on a bone?
What is the term for a rounded projection on a bone?
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What is the primary function of long bones in the body?
What is the primary function of long bones in the body?
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What is the function of the axial skeleton?
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
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How many bones are in the skull?
How many bones are in the skull?
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What is the role of Calcitonin in the body?
What is the role of Calcitonin in the body?
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What is the term for the top of the skull?
What is the term for the top of the skull?
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Which type of bone is characterized by a relatively thin, flattened shape?
Which type of bone is characterized by a relatively thin, flattened shape?
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What is the primary function of Parathyroid Hormone in the body?
What is the primary function of Parathyroid Hormone in the body?
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What is the function of the cranial bones?
What is the function of the cranial bones?
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What is the term for the two zones where the limbs are attached to the body?
What is the term for the two zones where the limbs are attached to the body?
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What is the term for a smooth region of bone in the frontal bone?
What is the term for a smooth region of bone in the frontal bone?
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Which type of bone includes the vertebrae and facial bones?
Which type of bone includes the vertebrae and facial bones?
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What is the role of Calcitriol in the body?
What is the role of Calcitriol in the body?
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What is the total number of bones in the Appendicular Skeleton?
What is the total number of bones in the Appendicular Skeleton?
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What type of suture connects the parietal bones?
What type of suture connects the parietal bones?
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What is the function of the mandibular fossa?
What is the function of the mandibular fossa?
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What is the name of the process that projects from the lower portion of the petrous part of the temporal bone?
What is the name of the process that projects from the lower portion of the petrous part of the temporal bone?
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What is the function of the external auditory canal?
What is the function of the external auditory canal?
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What is the name of the bony ridge that houses the middle and inner ears?
What is the name of the bony ridge that houses the middle and inner ears?
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What is the name of the opening for a nerve controlling hearing and balance?
What is the name of the opening for a nerve controlling hearing and balance?
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What type of suture connects the temporal bones to the skull?
What type of suture connects the temporal bones to the skull?
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What is the name of the air-filled cavities connected to the middle ear?
What is the name of the air-filled cavities connected to the middle ear?
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What is the name of the process that articulates with the humerus?
What is the name of the process that articulates with the humerus?
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What is the function of the olecranon fossa?
What is the function of the olecranon fossa?
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What is the name of the bone that is commonly known as the shoulder blade?
What is the name of the bone that is commonly known as the shoulder blade?
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What is the name of the bone that is commonly known as the collarbone?
What is the name of the bone that is commonly known as the collarbone?
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How many bones are in the forearm?
How many bones are in the forearm?
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What is the name of the process on the ulna that inserts into a fossa of the humerus when the elbow is bent?
What is the name of the process on the ulna that inserts into a fossa of the humerus when the elbow is bent?
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What is the name of the bone that makes up the central portion of the hand?
What is the name of the bone that makes up the central portion of the hand?
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What is the name of the process on the ulna that inserts into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when the elbow is straightened?
What is the name of the process on the ulna that inserts into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when the elbow is straightened?
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Study Notes
Cellular Molecules and Signaling
- Exocytosis is a process involved in the signaling of neural molecules.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of the bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs, and two girdles (pectoral and pelvic)
- Total bones: 126
- Four categories of bones based on shape:
- Long bones (e.g., most bones in upper and lower limbs)
- Short bones (e.g., bones in the wrist and ankle)
- Flat bones (e.g., certain skull bones, ribs, scapulae, and sternum)
- Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae and facial bones)
Bone Development and Growth
- Osteoblasts produce compact bone on the surface of cartilage model, forming a bone collar
- Primary Ossification Center: forms as osteoblasts produce bone on the surface of calcified cartilage
- Secondary Ossification Center: created in the epiphyses by osteoblasts that migrate into epiphysis
- Endosteum: a single-cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones
- Bone formation in the fetus follows two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
Bone Remodeling and Repair
- Bone Remodeling: a process where old bone is replaced with new bone
- Four Major Steps in Bone Repair:
- Hematoma Formation
- Callus Formation
- Callus Ossification
- Bone Remodeling
- Calcium Homeostasis: calcium is a critical physiological regulator of many processes required to achieve and maintain homeostasis
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
- Pectoral Girdle: consists of two pairs of bones that attach each of the upper limbs to the body
- Scapula: a flat, triangular bone that can easily be seen and felt in a living person
- Clavicle: commonly known as the collarbone
- Forearm: consists of two bones, the ulna and radius
- Hand: consists of metacarpal bones and phalanges
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
- Pelvic Girdle: consists of two hip bones and the sacrum
- Hip Bone: forms the pelvic girdle
- Sacrum: part of the pelvic girdle
- Lower Limb: consists of femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and phalanges
Skeletal Anatomy Overview
- Foramen: a hole in a bone
- Canal or Meatus: an elongated hole that forms a tunnel-like passage through the bone
- Fossa: a depression in a bone
- Tubercle or Tuberosity: a rounded projection on a bone
- Process: a sharp projection from a bone
- Condyle: a smooth, rounded end of a bone, where it forms a joint with another bone
Axial Skeleton
- Axial Skeleton: forms the central axis of the body
- Skull: consists of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones, a total of 22 bones
- Cranial Bones:
- Frontal bone
- 2 Parietal bones
- 2 Temporal bones
- Occipital bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Ethmoid bone
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Description
This quiz covers the process of bone development, including the formation of compact bone, calcified cartilage, and primary and secondary ossification centers. It also touches on bone growth and the role of the endosteum.
