Bone Cells and Tissue Types
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Questions and Answers

What type of cells break down bone tissue as part of the bone reabsorption process?

  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Chondrocytes
  • Osteoclasts (correct)

What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone tissue?

  • Breaking down bone
  • Forming cartilage
  • Secreting bone matrix
  • Maintaining bone structure (correct)

Osteoblasts transform into osteocytes after what process?

  • Undergoing apoptosis
  • Secreting sufficient bone matrix (correct)
  • Absorbing excess minerals
  • Transforming into osteoclasts

Which of the following correctly describes osteoclasts?

<p>Massive, multinucleated cells that reabsorb bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteocytes account for what percentage of total bone cells?

<p>90-95% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial form from which a long bone develops?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly describes the process of bone formation in long bones?

<p>Diaphysis ossification, followed by cartilage removal, then epiphyseal formation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cartilage in the process of endochondral ossification?

<p>It is removed and replaced by new bone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ossification centers are typically present in flat skull bones?

<p>Two or more (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the skull is noted for having trabeculae radiating from it?

<p>Inferior part (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vertebral column?

<p>To serve as a central axis for the skeleton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure protects vital organs within the thorax?

<p>Thoracic or rib cage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the vertebral column prevent during respiration?

<p>Collapse of the thorax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the vertebral column described in terms of its location?

<p>Extending from the base of the skull to past the pelvis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the vertebral column?

<p>Spine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many individual bones are typically found in the adult vertebral column?

<p>26 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ribs are known as true ribs?

<p>The first seven pairs of ribs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about false ribs is correct?

<p>They contain five pairs, with two classified as floating ribs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of pairs of ribs in the human rib cage?

<p>12 pairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the ribs to the sternum?

<p>Costal cartilages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type is characterized by uniaxial rotation?

<p>Pivot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement does a ball-and-socket joint allow?

<p>Multiaxial movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints primarily allows biaxial movement?

<p>Metacarpophalangeal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are involved in the glenohumeral joint?

<p>Scapula and humerus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distal radioulnar joint involves which two bones?

<p>Radius and ulna (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joints are classified as multiaxial?

<p>Ball-and-socket and radiocarpal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint allows for more than one major movement type but has one predominant type?

<p>Temporomandibular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is found between the atlas and occipital bone?

<p>Ellipsoid joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of bones forms the hip joint?

<p>Femur and hip bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is mainly associated with wrist movement?

<p>Radiocarpal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three domains postulated by Lydia Hall in her care model?

<p>Core, Care, Cure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Hall's model, which domain is considered the exclusive responsibility of nursing?

<p>Care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the nurse's actions in a hospital environment according to Hall?

<p>Assisting individuals in personal goal attainment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hall, who should provide care to patients?

<p>Professional nurses only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied about health in Hall's theory?

<p>Health involves self-awareness and optimal behavior selection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the patient does the CORE domain address?

<p>The therapeutic relationship between nurse and patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Lydia Hall's theory, what does the term 'self-actualization' refer to?

<p>Realizing one's full potential after recovering from illness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hall mean by 'the source of energy and motivation for healing'?

<p>The patient as the recipient of care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Deliberative Nursing Process according to Orlando?

<p>The needs of individuals requiring help (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the nursing process is emphasized by Orlando in her theory?

<p>The patient’s participation and input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Orlando's theory describe the relationship between patient and nurse?

<p>Reciprocal and interactive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What replaces the concept of health in Orlando's metaparadigm?

<p>Sense of helplessness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Levine's Conservation Model?

<p>To achieve health and the strength to confront disability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of adaptation in Levine's model refers to unique responses to specific environmental challenges?

<p>Specificity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept was completely disregarded in Orlando's nursing theory?

<p>Environmental factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Orlando consider nursing to be in relation to medicine?

<p>A distinct and independent profession (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Levine define wholeness in terms of environmental interactions?

<p>It exists when adaptations ensure the assurance of integrity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five major interrelated concepts of Orlando's model?

<p>Health promotion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does adaptation play according to Levine's Conservation Model?

<p>It facilitates the movement between different environmental realities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element regarding the patient’s meanings and interpretations in Orlando's theory?

<p>They must be validated by nurses before conclusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'conservation' imply in the context of Levine's model?

<p>A balanced approach between nursing interventions and patient capabilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of meta-paradigm nursing focuses on the holistic view of individuals?

<p>Person (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'historicity' refer to in the characteristics of adaptation?

<p>Patterns of responses passed down genetically (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the external environment interacts with living tissues beyond sensory perception?

<p>Operational Environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Levine's concept of 'wholeness' require concerning social context?

<p>It must be recognized within the context of social life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response type is characterized by an immediate reaction to a perceived threat?

<p>Fight or Flight Response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of nursing according to the metaparadigm of nursing?

<p>To promote adaptation and maintain health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organismic response is focused on gathering environmental information and making sense of it?

<p>Perceptual Response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'metaparadigm health' primarily imply?

<p>Patterns of adaptive change indicating wholeness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response is developed over time and is influenced by a person’s cumulative stressful experiences?

<p>Stress Response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the external environment encompasses ideas, symbols, and cultural traditions?

<p>Conceptual Environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of response is specifically aimed at ensuring structural integrity and healing?

<p>Inflammatory Response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Conservation Model view individuals in relation to their environment?

<p>Individuals are active participants seeking information from their environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as essential for nursing interventions according to the assumptions of nursing?

<p>Unique behavior of the individual patient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does the Health Promotional Model emphasize when examining health behavior?

<p>Integrative analysis of impacting variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cognitive abilities play in the Health Promotional Model?

<p>They are central to the development of health-promoting behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of health, how is 'health' defined according to the Metaparadigm Health?

<p>A positive dynamic state reflecting well-being. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key assumptions about individuals in the Conservation Model?

<p>Individuals actively regulate their own health and well-being. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as a necessary component of patient-centered nursing care?

<p>Individualized strategies tailored to the uniqueness of each patient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Metaparadigm of Person indicate regarding individual growth?

<p>Individuals value growth and aim for a balance between change and stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does perceived self-efficacy influence in health-promoting behaviors?

<p>The perceived barriers to action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which determinant of health-promoting behaviors involves understanding personal costs and blocks?

<p>Perceived barriers to action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Situational influences in health behavior are affected by which of the following?

<p>Aesthetic features of the environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily describes immediate competing demands in health behavior?

<p>Environmental responsibilities like work or family care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for the implementation of health-promoting behavior?

<p>Commitment to a plan of action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines perceived benefits of action?

<p>Expected positive outcomes from the health behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Activity-related affect is primarily influenced by which factor?

<p>Emotional responses tied to the activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is associated with the anticipation of specific obstacles to health behaviors?

<p>Perceived barriers to action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells residing in spaces called lamellae.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that become osteocytes.

Osteoclasts

Bone-resorbing cells, breaking down bone.

Compact bone

Dense, solid bone tissue.

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Spongy bone

Porous bone tissue.

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Endochondral ossification

Bone formation from cartilage.

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Flat skull bones

Skull bones formed by multiple ossification centers.

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Vertebral Column

Spine; central axis of the skeleton.

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Thoracic Cage

Protects organs and prevents thorax collapse; ribs and sternum.

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Pivot Joint

Uniaxial rotation; e.g., neck.

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Ball-and-Socket Joint

Multiaxial movement; e.g., shoulder, hip.

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Ellipsoid Joint

Biaxial movement; e.g., wrist, knuckles.

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Temporomandibular Joint

Jaw joint; multiaxial movement.

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Diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone

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Epiphysis

Ends of a long bone

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Axial Skeleton

Central axis of the skeleton

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Deliberative Nursing Process

A nursing care approach emphasizing patient-nurse interaction and addressing immediate needs.

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Reciprocal Relationship

The dynamic interaction between patient and nurse, where each influences and is influenced by the other.

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Patient Participation

Orlando's theory prioritizes the patient's active involvement in their care, understanding their individual needs and interpretations.

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Nursing as Distinct

Orlando viewed nursing as a separate profession from medicine, with nurses making independent decisions based on patient needs.

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Sense of Helplessness

Orlando's theory uses this concept instead of 'health' as the starting point for nursing intervention.

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Immediate Situation

Nursing focuses on the present needs and concerns of the patient in a specific situation.

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Function of Professional Nursing

The primary role of the nurse is to identify and address a patient's need for help in the immediate situation.

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Presenting Behavior

The patient's communication and actions that reveal their need for help to the nurse.

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Internal Environment

The physiological and pathophysiological aspects of an individual, constantly influenced by the external environment.

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External Environment

Everything outside the body, affecting it both directly and indirectly.

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Perceptual Environment

The part of the external environment we sense and respond to.

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Operational Environment

The part of the external environment that interacts with living tissue, even if we don't detect it.

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Conceptual Environment

The external environment of ideas, language, beliefs, and culture.

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Organismic Response

How a patient adapts or changes in response to their environment.

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Fight or Flight

The instantaneous response to perceived danger, a primitive defensive mechanism.

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Health

Adaptive change, unity, integrity, and successful adaptation.

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Hall's Care, Core, Cure Model

This model conceptualizes patient care in three domains: CARE (hands-on physical care), CORE (using the self in relationship with the patient), and CURE (medical interventions).

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Who provides Care?

According to Hall, professional nurses are solely responsible for providing CARE, which includes hands-on physical care and support.

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What's CORE?

CORE refers to the nurse's therapeutic relationship with the patient, utilizing self-understanding and compassion.

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What is CURE?

CURE represents medical interventions, including nursing activities that are dependent on physician orders.

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Hall's focus on the Individual

Hall emphasizes the individual's uniqueness, capacity for growth, and the need for a holistic approach to care.

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Health in Hall's Model

Health is viewed as a state of self-awareness and conscious choices to support optimal well-being.

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Environment's role?

The environment's influence on the individual is considered, with emphasis on the impact of the hospital setting during acute illness.

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What is the goal of Hall's model?

To promote the patient's self-actualization and self-love after the disease.

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Levine's Conservation Model

A nursing model focused on promoting adaptation and maintaining wholeness using the principles of conservation.

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Conservation

Maintaining balance through active nursing interventions and patient participation, within the patient's safe limits.

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Adaptation

The process of individuals fitting into their environments through frugal and controlled use of resources.

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Wholeness

A state of integrity achieved through constant adaptation to the environment.

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What are the principles of conservation?

The four conservation principles are: conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity.

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What is the relationship between adaptation and conservation?

Adaptation is the process through which individuals adjust to their environment, and the outcome of adaptation is conservation of wholeness.

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How does the model view the person?

The model views the person as a holistic being, striving to preserve wholeness and integrity. They are sentient, thinking, future-oriented, and past-aware.

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What is the role of environment in the model?

The environment completes the wholeness of the individual. It includes their physical and social surroundings.

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Conservation Model: Individual's role

Individuals actively seek information from their environment and are constantly adapting to change. Their interaction with the world is tied to their senses.

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Conservation Model: Nursing's role

Nursing care must be tailored to the specific individual, recognizing everyone is unique and requires individualized approaches.

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Health Promotional Model: Key focus

This model integrates various factors influencing health behavior, including individual characteristics, cognitive abilities, and emotional responses.

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Health Promotional Model: Health Definition

Health is not just the absence of disease but a dynamic state of well-being.

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Health Promotional Model: Person's role

Individuals strive to create conditions that allow them to express their full health potential, reflecting on their own abilities and seeking balance.

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Health Promotional Model: Health Promotion

Aims to increase a person's well-being by addressing their multi-dimensional needs within their environment.

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Health Promotional Model: Cognitive Abilities

A person's thinking skills and emotional responses play a significant role in shaping health-promoting behaviors.

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Health Promotional Model: Individual Experiences

A person's past experiences, including successes and challenges, influence their health choices.

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Metaparadigm Environment

The environment is constantly changing and influencing people, and people in turn reshape the environment.

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Metaparadigm Nursing

Nursing is a profession that empowers patients to take control of their own health and well-being.

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Perceived Benefits of Action

The positive outcomes a person expects to gain from adopting a healthy behavior.

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Perceived Barriers to Action

The potential obstacles or challenges a person anticipates when trying a healthy behavior.

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Perceived Self-Efficacy

A person's belief in their ability to successfully perform a healthy behavior.

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Situational Influences

The environment and context that can make a healthy behavior easier or harder to adopt.

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Immediate Competing Demands

Alternative behaviors that compete with a planned healthy behaviour, often due to external factors like work or family responsibilities.

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Commitment to Plan of Action

The intention and plan to follow through with a chosen healthy behavior.

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Study Notes

Bone Cells

  • Osteocytes are bone cells that reside in spaces between the extracellular matrix called lamellae.
  • Osteoblasts are responsible for creating the bone matrix and become osteocytes once they have deposited enough matrix.
  • Osteocytes make up 90-95% of the bone cells.
  • Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone, called bone reabsorption.
  • Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells that originate from red marrow cells that differentiate into specialized white blood cells.

Types of Bone Tissue

  • Compact bone, also known as cortical bone, is a dense, solid form of bone tissue.
  • Spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, is a lighter, porous form of bone tissue.

Endochondral Ossification

  • Endochondral ossification is the process of bone formation from a hyaline cartilage model.
  • This process occurs in the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones and then in the epiphyses (ends) of long bones.

Skull

  • Skull bones that are not fused are considered "flat bones" in the axial skeleton.
  • Flat skull bones are formed by two or more ossification centers that enlarge, resulting in multiple ossification centers within the skull.

Axial Skeleton

  • Vertebral Column:
    • Also known as the spine.
    • The central axis of the skeleton.
    • Extends from the base of the skull to the pelvis.
    • Contains 26 individual bones in adults, clustered into five sections.
  • Thoracic Cage:
    • Protects vital organs within the thorax.
    • Prevents the collapse of the thorax during respiration.
    • Composed of 12 pairs of ribs, attached to the sternum.

Synovial Joints

  • Pivot Joints:
    • Allow uniaxial rotation.
    • Examples include the atlantoaxial joint (between the atlas and axis vertebrae) and the proximal and distal radioulnar joints (between the radius and ulna).
  • Ball-and-Socket Joints:
    • Allow multiaxial movement.
    • Examples include the glenohumeral joint (shoulder) and the hip joint.
  • Ellipsoid Joints:
    • Allow biaxial movement.
    • Examples include the atlantooccipital joint, metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles), metatarsophalangeal joints (ball of the foot), and radiocarpal joint (wrist).
  • Temporomandibular Joint:
    • Allows multiaxial movement, with one axis predominating.
    • Connects the mandible (jawbone) to the temporal bone of the skull.

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Description

Explore the different types of bone cells and their functions, including osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Learn about the structures of compact and spongy bone, as well as the process of endochondral ossification. This quiz covers essential concepts in bone biology.

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