Bone Anatomy and Tissue Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of bone tissue is characterized as a hard, dense structure?

  • Medullary tissue
  • Compact tissue (correct)
  • Cancellated tissue
  • Spongy tissue

    • Bone is a static material that does not change over time.

    False (B)

    What two types of bone marrow are mentioned?

    Red marrow and yellow marrow

    The soft fatty substance that fills the medullary cavity is known as _____?

    <p>marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the bone with their descriptions:

    <p>Diaphysis = Middle part of the long bone Epiphysis = Forms the ends of the long bone Metaphysis = End of the diaphysis that connects to the epiphysis Epiphysial Cartilage = Plate of hyaline cartilage in growing bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the periosteum?

    <p>Attach muscles and tendons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endosteum lines the external surface of bones.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of the external fibrous layer of the periosteum?

    <p>It gives attachment to muscles, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is found within the Haversian canal?

    <p>Blood vessels and nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lacunae are large spaces that accommodate bone-producing cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of osteoclasts?

    <p>Resorption of bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary component responsible for the strength and hardness of bone is __________.

    <p>inorganic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of bone cells with their functions:

    <p>Osteoblast = Bone formation Osteoclast = Bone resorption Osteocyte = Bone maintenance Mesenchymal cell = Stem cell for bone cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of bone material by proportion?

    <p>Calcium Phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between compact and cancellated tissue?

    <p>Compact tissue contains Haversian systems while cancellated tissue does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proportion of organic to inorganic matter in bone is typically 1:2.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volkmann’s canals are responsible for transmitting blood vessels from the periosteum to the marrow.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of bone formation called?

    <p>Ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of organic matter is typically present in bone composition?

    <p>30-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In growing animals, organic matter is more and is slowly replaced by __________ matter.

    <p>inorganic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ossification involves the transformation of mesenchymal cells?

    <p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of ossification with their examples:

    <p>Intramembranous Ossification = Bones of Skull Endochondral Ossification = Most of the Bones of Body Osteoblasts = Cells that form bone Osteocytes = Entrapped osteoblasts in matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do osteoblasts produce that helps in bone formation?

    <p>Collagen fiber meshwork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteocytes are formed by the division of osteoblasts that are not trapped in the matrix.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs first in the intramembranous ossification process?

    <p>Condensation of mesenchymal tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chondroblasts become hypertrophied during Stage II of ossification.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of osteoclasts during the ossification process?

    <p>Osteoclasts absorb irregular calcified mass to form marrow cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layer surrounding the cartilage that changes to periosteum is known as the ______.

    <p>perichondrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stage of ossification with its corresponding description:

    <p>Stage I = Formation of Hyaline Cartilaginous model Stage II = Formation of marrow cavity Stage III = Calcification of surrounding matrix Stage IV = Final remodeling of bone structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the arrangement of osteoblast cells?

    <p>Arranged in radiating manner from the center (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cartilage cells die during the calcification process.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed as a result of calcification of the matrix?

    <p>Calcification creates primary areolae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ are small, piece-like bones found in joints that aid mobility.

    <p>Short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Haversian system is formed by the proliferation and differentiation of lining osteoblasts.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bones are characterized as having a medullary cavity?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of epiphysial cartilage during bone growth?

    <p>To assist in the longitudinal growth of bone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bone types with their descriptions:

    <p>Long Bones = Hollow, cylindrical bones found in limbs Flat Bones = Irregular plate-like bones that enclose body cavities Short Bones = Small, piece-like bones that increase joint mobility Irregular Bones = Unpaired and irregular shaped bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about modified long bones is true?

    <p>They do not possess a medullary cavity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diploe is a feature found in long bones.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do secondary ossification centers primarily appear?

    <p>At the ends, or epiphysis, of long bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bone Anatomy

    • Bones are mineralized connective living tissue, not static. They have growth and death cycles.
    • Bones have blood vessels (arteries and veins) and nerves for supply.
    • They are made up of compact and spongy tissues.
    • Bones form the basis of the skeleton, consisting of osseous cells and having a dense, hard structure.
    • The outer layer is compact tissue, and the inner layer is cancellous (spongy) tissue.
    • A hollow space within long bones is called the medullary cavity.

    Bone Structures

    • Periosteum: A thick, outer membrane layer, absent over articular ends. It differentiates into two types of membranes:
      • External fibrous layer: Attaches to muscles, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels.
      • Internal osteogenic layer: Acts as a bone-forming layer, helping in retaining partially fractured fragments.
    • Endosteum: Lines the medullary cavity of long bones, also known as the medullary membrane. It is highly vascularized and contains a nerve supply.
    • Marrow: A soft, fatty substance filling the medullary cavity and cancellous tissue spaces in long bones. Two types:
      • Red marrow: Reddish in color, found in young animals, consisting of fat cells.
      • Yellow marrow: Yellowish in color, found in adult animals, consisting of fat cells.

    Parts of a Long Bone

    • Diaphysis: The middle part of the long bone, forming its shaft, and ossifies from the primary ossification center.
    • Epiphysis: Generally forms the ends of long bones, with three types:
      • Pressure epiphysis: Carries the body weight (e.g., head and condyles of the femur.)
      • Traction epiphysis: Formed by the pull of muscles (e.g., trochanter of the femur.)
      • Atavistic epiphysis: When one bone attaches to another for nutrition (e.g., coracoid process of the scapula).
    • Metaphysis: Located between diaphysis and epiphysis.
    • Epiphyseal cartilage: A plate of hyaline cartilage found between the diaphysis and epiphysis in growing long bones. In adults, it is replaced by bone.

    Compact Bone Tissue

    • Haversian system (Osteons): A definite pattern of bony tissue arrangement.
    • Haversian canal: A narrow, hollow space that runs through compact bone and carries blood vessels and nerves.
    • Haversian lamellae: Concentric layers of osseous deposition surrounding the Haversian canal, ranging from 2-6 layers.
    • Lacunae: Tiny spaces between lamellae that house osteocytes.
    • Canaliculi: Radiating canals extending from lacunae, connecting osteocytes to the Haversian canal.
    • Haversian cylinder: A structural unit of compact bone.

    Cancellous Bone Tissue

    • Cancellous tissue is made up of thin bony plates in divergent directions.
    • Haversian systems are absent in cancellous bone.
    • It is found in smaller amounts in the shaft and more at the extremities of long bones.
    • It comprises the main mass in short and irregular bones.

    Bone Cells

    • Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells derived from mesenchymal cells, producing calcium ions and alkaline phosphatase for matrix precipitation. Their nucleus is eccentric, and they have numerous cytoplasmic processes.
    • Osteoclasts: Multinucleated cells that resorb bone. Their cytoplasmic processes are absent and they have a brush border.
    • Osteocytes: Derived from osteoblasts, residing in lacunae within the bone matrix, with numerous cytoplasmic processes and a centrally located nucleus.

    Bone Composition

    • Organic matter: Makes up 30-40% of bone, contributing to its growth and development. It includes membranes, cartilage, marrow, vessels, and nerves.
    • Inorganic matter: Comprises 60-70% of bone, providing strength and hardness. The major inorganic component is calcium phosphate (86%), with smaller amounts of calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate, and sodium carbonate/fluoride.

    Ossification

    • Ossification is the process of bone formation.
    • Intra-membranous ossification: A type of bone formation originating from mesenchymal cells, predominantly in flat bones of the skull. Osteoblasts produce collagen matrix, which then calcifies.
    • Endochondral ossification: A type of bone formation that begins in cartilage models, primarily forming most long bones. Cartilage cells differentiate, and eventually are replaced by bone. This process occurs in three stages:
      • Stage I: Formation of the hyaline cartilage model and the development of periosteum.
      • Stage II: Formation of the sub-periosteal collar bone and the invasion of the periosteal bud.
      • Stage III: Formation of the lamellated bone, replacement of bone matrix by osteocytes, and the expansion of the marrow cavity.

    Types of Bones

    • Long bones: Found in limbs, characterized by a shaft and two expanded ends containing a medullary cavity filled with marrow (e.g., femur, humerus).

    • Short bones: Small, piece-like bones, found in joints, assisting mobility (e.g., carpals).

    • Flat bones: Flat, irregular, plate-like bones enclosing body cavities and having wide and extensive muscle attachments; composed of two compact bone layers with spongy tissue between (e.g., scapula, bones of the skull).

    • Irregular bones: Unpaired, irregular shaped bones helping in various muscle attachments; composed of spongy bone covered by compact bone (e.g., vertebrae).

    • Pneumatic bones: Some long bones having air cavities inside their bodies (e.g., humerus of birds, certain skull bones).

    • Sesamoid bones: Small, seed-like bones developing within tendons; assisting in reducing friction.

    • Visceral Bones: Found within the viscera of animals and birds (e.g., os-optic -eyes of birds, os-cordis-heart of ox, os-penis-penis of dog).

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