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Which type of bone tissue is characterized as a hard, dense structure?
Which type of bone tissue is characterized as a hard, dense structure?
Bone is a static material that does not change over time.
Bone is a static material that does not change over time.
False
What two types of bone marrow are mentioned?
What two types of bone marrow are mentioned?
Red marrow and yellow marrow
The soft fatty substance that fills the medullary cavity is known as _____?
The soft fatty substance that fills the medullary cavity is known as _____?
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Match the following parts of the bone with their descriptions:
Match the following parts of the bone with their descriptions:
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What is the primary function of the periosteum?
What is the primary function of the periosteum?
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The endosteum lines the external surface of bones.
The endosteum lines the external surface of bones.
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What are the characteristics of the external fibrous layer of the periosteum?
What are the characteristics of the external fibrous layer of the periosteum?
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What is found within the Haversian canal?
What is found within the Haversian canal?
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Lacunae are large spaces that accommodate bone-producing cells.
Lacunae are large spaces that accommodate bone-producing cells.
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What are the functions of osteoclasts?
What are the functions of osteoclasts?
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The primary component responsible for the strength and hardness of bone is __________.
The primary component responsible for the strength and hardness of bone is __________.
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Match the following types of bone cells with their functions:
Match the following types of bone cells with their functions:
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What is the primary component of bone material by proportion?
What is the primary component of bone material by proportion?
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What is the primary difference between compact and cancellated tissue?
What is the primary difference between compact and cancellated tissue?
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The proportion of organic to inorganic matter in bone is typically 1:2.
The proportion of organic to inorganic matter in bone is typically 1:2.
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Volkmann’s canals are responsible for transmitting blood vessels from the periosteum to the marrow.
Volkmann’s canals are responsible for transmitting blood vessels from the periosteum to the marrow.
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What is the process of bone formation called?
What is the process of bone formation called?
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What percentage of organic matter is typically present in bone composition?
What percentage of organic matter is typically present in bone composition?
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In growing animals, organic matter is more and is slowly replaced by __________ matter.
In growing animals, organic matter is more and is slowly replaced by __________ matter.
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Which type of ossification involves the transformation of mesenchymal cells?
Which type of ossification involves the transformation of mesenchymal cells?
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Match the following types of ossification with their examples:
Match the following types of ossification with their examples:
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What do osteoblasts produce that helps in bone formation?
What do osteoblasts produce that helps in bone formation?
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Osteocytes are formed by the division of osteoblasts that are not trapped in the matrix.
Osteocytes are formed by the division of osteoblasts that are not trapped in the matrix.
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What occurs first in the intramembranous ossification process?
What occurs first in the intramembranous ossification process?
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Chondroblasts become hypertrophied during Stage II of ossification.
Chondroblasts become hypertrophied during Stage II of ossification.
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What is the function of osteoclasts during the ossification process?
What is the function of osteoclasts during the ossification process?
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The layer surrounding the cartilage that changes to periosteum is known as the ______.
The layer surrounding the cartilage that changes to periosteum is known as the ______.
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Match the stage of ossification with its corresponding description:
Match the stage of ossification with its corresponding description:
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Which of the following describes the arrangement of osteoblast cells?
Which of the following describes the arrangement of osteoblast cells?
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All cartilage cells die during the calcification process.
All cartilage cells die during the calcification process.
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What is formed as a result of calcification of the matrix?
What is formed as a result of calcification of the matrix?
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The __________ are small, piece-like bones found in joints that aid mobility.
The __________ are small, piece-like bones found in joints that aid mobility.
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The Haversian system is formed by the proliferation and differentiation of lining osteoblasts.
The Haversian system is formed by the proliferation and differentiation of lining osteoblasts.
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What type of bones are characterized as having a medullary cavity?
What type of bones are characterized as having a medullary cavity?
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What is the main role of epiphysial cartilage during bone growth?
What is the main role of epiphysial cartilage during bone growth?
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Match the bone types with their descriptions:
Match the bone types with their descriptions:
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Which of the following statements about modified long bones is true?
Which of the following statements about modified long bones is true?
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The diploe is a feature found in long bones.
The diploe is a feature found in long bones.
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Where do secondary ossification centers primarily appear?
Where do secondary ossification centers primarily appear?
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Study Notes
Bone Anatomy
- Bones are mineralized connective living tissue, not static. They have growth and death cycles.
- Bones have blood vessels (arteries and veins) and nerves for supply.
- They are made up of compact and spongy tissues.
- Bones form the basis of the skeleton, consisting of osseous cells and having a dense, hard structure.
- The outer layer is compact tissue, and the inner layer is cancellous (spongy) tissue.
- A hollow space within long bones is called the medullary cavity.
Bone Structures
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Periosteum: A thick, outer membrane layer, absent over articular ends. It differentiates into two types of membranes:
- External fibrous layer: Attaches to muscles, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels.
- Internal osteogenic layer: Acts as a bone-forming layer, helping in retaining partially fractured fragments.
- Endosteum: Lines the medullary cavity of long bones, also known as the medullary membrane. It is highly vascularized and contains a nerve supply.
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Marrow: A soft, fatty substance filling the medullary cavity and cancellous tissue spaces in long bones. Two types:
- Red marrow: Reddish in color, found in young animals, consisting of fat cells.
- Yellow marrow: Yellowish in color, found in adult animals, consisting of fat cells.
Parts of a Long Bone
- Diaphysis: The middle part of the long bone, forming its shaft, and ossifies from the primary ossification center.
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Epiphysis: Generally forms the ends of long bones, with three types:
- Pressure epiphysis: Carries the body weight (e.g., head and condyles of the femur.)
- Traction epiphysis: Formed by the pull of muscles (e.g., trochanter of the femur.)
- Atavistic epiphysis: When one bone attaches to another for nutrition (e.g., coracoid process of the scapula).
- Metaphysis: Located between diaphysis and epiphysis.
- Epiphyseal cartilage: A plate of hyaline cartilage found between the diaphysis and epiphysis in growing long bones. In adults, it is replaced by bone.
Compact Bone Tissue
- Haversian system (Osteons): A definite pattern of bony tissue arrangement.
- Haversian canal: A narrow, hollow space that runs through compact bone and carries blood vessels and nerves.
- Haversian lamellae: Concentric layers of osseous deposition surrounding the Haversian canal, ranging from 2-6 layers.
- Lacunae: Tiny spaces between lamellae that house osteocytes.
- Canaliculi: Radiating canals extending from lacunae, connecting osteocytes to the Haversian canal.
- Haversian cylinder: A structural unit of compact bone.
Cancellous Bone Tissue
- Cancellous tissue is made up of thin bony plates in divergent directions.
- Haversian systems are absent in cancellous bone.
- It is found in smaller amounts in the shaft and more at the extremities of long bones.
- It comprises the main mass in short and irregular bones.
Bone Cells
- Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells derived from mesenchymal cells, producing calcium ions and alkaline phosphatase for matrix precipitation. Their nucleus is eccentric, and they have numerous cytoplasmic processes.
- Osteoclasts: Multinucleated cells that resorb bone. Their cytoplasmic processes are absent and they have a brush border.
- Osteocytes: Derived from osteoblasts, residing in lacunae within the bone matrix, with numerous cytoplasmic processes and a centrally located nucleus.
Bone Composition
- Organic matter: Makes up 30-40% of bone, contributing to its growth and development. It includes membranes, cartilage, marrow, vessels, and nerves.
- Inorganic matter: Comprises 60-70% of bone, providing strength and hardness. The major inorganic component is calcium phosphate (86%), with smaller amounts of calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate, and sodium carbonate/fluoride.
Ossification
- Ossification is the process of bone formation.
- Intra-membranous ossification: A type of bone formation originating from mesenchymal cells, predominantly in flat bones of the skull. Osteoblasts produce collagen matrix, which then calcifies.
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Endochondral ossification: A type of bone formation that begins in cartilage models, primarily forming most long bones. Cartilage cells differentiate, and eventually are replaced by bone. This process occurs in three stages:
- Stage I: Formation of the hyaline cartilage model and the development of periosteum.
- Stage II: Formation of the sub-periosteal collar bone and the invasion of the periosteal bud.
- Stage III: Formation of the lamellated bone, replacement of bone matrix by osteocytes, and the expansion of the marrow cavity.
Types of Bones
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Long bones: Found in limbs, characterized by a shaft and two expanded ends containing a medullary cavity filled with marrow (e.g., femur, humerus).
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Short bones: Small, piece-like bones, found in joints, assisting mobility (e.g., carpals).
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Flat bones: Flat, irregular, plate-like bones enclosing body cavities and having wide and extensive muscle attachments; composed of two compact bone layers with spongy tissue between (e.g., scapula, bones of the skull).
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Irregular bones: Unpaired, irregular shaped bones helping in various muscle attachments; composed of spongy bone covered by compact bone (e.g., vertebrae).
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Pneumatic bones: Some long bones having air cavities inside their bodies (e.g., humerus of birds, certain skull bones).
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Sesamoid bones: Small, seed-like bones developing within tendons; assisting in reducing friction.
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Visceral Bones: Found within the viscera of animals and birds (e.g., os-optic -eyes of birds, os-cordis-heart of ox, os-penis-penis of dog).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of bone tissue. This quiz covers topics such as types of bone marrow, characteristics of periosteum, and the functions of various bone cells. Perfect for students studying biology or anatomy.
