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Questions and Answers
What is the normal human body temperature in Celsius?
What is the normal human body temperature in Celsius?
- 35°C
- 40°C
- 37°C (correct)
- 38°C
What is a characteristic of positive feedback mechanisms?
What is a characteristic of positive feedback mechanisms?
- They restore variables to their original state.
- They are solely responsible for metabolic regulation.
- They increase disturbances and push variables away from their original value. (correct)
- They are common in bodily functions.
Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
- A complete reversal of internal conditions
- A state of external equilibrium
- An unchanging internal environment
- The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions (correct)
How does atmospheric pressure influence the body?
How does atmospheric pressure influence the body?
What happens when homeostatic imbalance occurs?
What happens when homeostatic imbalance occurs?
What is the primary function of hypertonic solutions?
What is the primary function of hypertonic solutions?
What is the key characteristic of isotonic solutions?
What is the key characteristic of isotonic solutions?
What type of protein is primarily responsible for providing structural support?
What type of protein is primarily responsible for providing structural support?
Which of the following solutions is an example of a hypotonic solution?
Which of the following solutions is an example of a hypotonic solution?
What is the primary function of cilia?
What is the primary function of cilia?
What is the role of codons in protein synthesis?
What is the role of codons in protein synthesis?
What occurs when hypotonic solutions are administered to a patient?
What occurs when hypotonic solutions are administered to a patient?
In which type of cell would you expect to find microvilli?
In which type of cell would you expect to find microvilli?
What distinguishes flagella from cilia?
What distinguishes flagella from cilia?
Why is distilled water rarely used as an intravenous solution?
Why is distilled water rarely used as an intravenous solution?
Which of the following statements is true regarding microvilli?
Which of the following statements is true regarding microvilli?
Which cell type is specialized for connecting body parts?
Which cell type is specialized for connecting body parts?
What feature of erythrocytes maximizes their oxygen-carrying capacity?
What feature of erythrocytes maximizes their oxygen-carrying capacity?
What allows epithelial cells to resist tearing?
What allows epithelial cells to resist tearing?
What component of DNA is responsible for encoding information needed for protein synthesis?
What component of DNA is responsible for encoding information needed for protein synthesis?
Which cell is responsible for the secretion of fibers in connective tissues?
Which cell is responsible for the secretion of fibers in connective tissues?
What is the primary function of simple epithelium?
What is the primary function of simple epithelium?
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium commonly found?
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium commonly found?
Which characteristic differentiates stratified epithelium from simple epithelium?
Which characteristic differentiates stratified epithelium from simple epithelium?
What role does avascularity play in epithelial tissues?
What role does avascularity play in epithelial tissues?
What is a primary function of stratified epithelia?
What is a primary function of stratified epithelia?
What describes the structure of simple columnar epithelium?
What describes the structure of simple columnar epithelium?
In which location would you most likely find serous membranes?
In which location would you most likely find serous membranes?
What is a key feature of epithelial tissue regeneration?
What is a key feature of epithelial tissue regeneration?
What distinguishes elastic connective tissue from other types of connective tissue?
What distinguishes elastic connective tissue from other types of connective tissue?
Which statement accurately describes loose connective tissue?
Which statement accurately describes loose connective tissue?
Which of the following correctly identifies types of cartilage?
Which of the following correctly identifies types of cartilage?
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by voluntary control and striated appearance?
Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by voluntary control and striated appearance?
What defines dense connective tissue compared to loose connective tissue?
What defines dense connective tissue compared to loose connective tissue?
What type of connective tissue is blood classified as?
What type of connective tissue is blood classified as?
What is the primary role of nervous tissue?
What is the primary role of nervous tissue?
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Study Notes
Body Temperature Regulation
- Normal body temperature is 37°C (98°F), crucial for sustaining life.
- Low temperatures slow metabolic reactions, while high temperatures can lead to protein breakdown and death.
- Skeletal muscle activity is responsible for generating most body heat.
- The body has negative feedback mechanisms for maintaining appropriate temperatures.
Atmospheric Pressure
- Atmospheric pressure influences breathing and gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the lungs.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
- Homeostasis is characterized by "unchanging" conditions.
Cell Extensions
Cilia and Flagella
- Cilia are whiplike extensions that move substances, such as mucus, along cell surfaces.
- Cilia form from centrioles and microtubules beneath the plasma membrane.
- Flagella are longer projections; the only flagellated cell in humans is sperm.
Microvilli
- Microvilli are tiny, fingerlike extensions that increase the surface area of cells, aiding absorption.
- They have a core of actin filaments that strengthen the structure.
Cell Diversity and Function
- Cells are categorized based on their functions, shapes, and structures.
Cells that Connect Body Parts
- Fibroblasts have an elongated shape and secrete cable-like fibers, with abundant rough ER and Golgi apparatus.
- Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) have a concave disc shape for maximizing oxygen uptake and streamlined blood flow.
Cells that Cover and Line Organs
- Epithelial cells have a hexagonal shape for tight packing and support.
Membrane Transport
- Substance movement through plasma membranes depends on solute concentration.
- Hypertonic solutions draw fluid out of tissues, while hypotonic solutions help rehydrate tissues.
Importance of Proper IV Solutions
- Isotonic solutions maintain cell function by preventing swelling or shrinking.
- Hypertonic solutions prevent excessive dehydration, while hypotonic solutions help restore volume.
Protein Synthesis Overview
- Genes, segments of DNA, provide instructions for protein composition and assembly.
- Proteins play vital roles in cellular functions and are classified as fibrous or globular.
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
- Epithelial tissues are avascular, relying on underlying connective tissues for nutrients.
- They regenerate quickly when nourished.
Classification of Epithelium
- Simple epithelium has one layer; stratified epithelium has multiple layers.
- Cell shape determines the second part of the name (e.g., cuboidal, columnar).
Connective Tissue Types
- Loose connective tissue (e.g., areolar, adipose) is soft and flexible, supporting organs.
- Dense connective tissue provides strength; includes types such as elastic and transitional.
- Bone and cartilage provide rigid support and flexibility, respectively.
- Blood functions as a fluid connective tissue for transport and immune response.
Muscle Tissue
- Muscle tissue specializes in contraction, responsible for body movement.
- Types include skeletal (voluntary control, striated), cardiac (involuntary), and smooth (involuntary).
Nervous Tissue
- Comprises neurons and glial cells, responsible for conducting electrical impulses and supporting neurofunction.
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