Body in Health and Disease: Module 2

• Module 2 contains a lecture on the body in health and disease

Assignment Answers

• The following terms should be searched for:
  • Neoplasia
  • Histogenesis
  • Megakaryocyte
  • Thoracotomy
  • Anencephaly

Neoplasia

• An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue.
• Derives from the prefix "neo" (new) and the root "plasm" (formation).
• Neoplasm (NE-o-plazm) is a tumor, or abnormal growth, and may be benign or malignant.

Histogenesis

• Means the formation of tissue
• the Greek root "histo-" refers to tissues
• "Gen-" means origin or formation.
• Pertains to the formation of different tissues from undifferentiated cells

Megakaryocyte

• Describes a cell with a very large nucleus.
• Describes a large cell that has a lobulated nucleus.
• Found especially in the bone marrow.
• Is the source of blood platelets.

Thoracotomy

• Signifies a surgical incision of the chest wall.
• "Thorac/o" means chest.
• "tomy" means incision.
• Refers to an incision into the chest.

Anencephaly

• Indicates a condition of no brain.
• Comes from the Greek words "an"(without) and “enkephalos” (brain).
• Refers to the congenital absence of major portions of the brain.

Learning Objectives

• Recognize medical terms for disease and treatment
• Identify their clinical relevance in anesthesia practice

Patient Management Chain

• Patient management involves evaluation, investigations, diagnosis, and treatment.

Patient Evaluation

• A patient's evaluation includes the patient's complaint, taking a history, and performing a physical examination.

History Taking

• History taking involves checking for the patient's:
  • Present illness with a description of symptoms
  • Past medical history
  • Family and social history

Symptom

• Subjective evidence of disease that is experienced by the individual.
• Examples are pain, dizziness, and weakness.

Covid-19 Symptoms

• People with COVID-19 have reported a wide range of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe.
• Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure to the virus.
• Symptoms include:
  • Fever or chills
  • Cough
  • Shortness of breath or trouble breathing
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle or body aches
  • Headache
  • New loss of taste or smell
  • Sore throat
  • Congestion or runny nose
  • Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea

Physical Examination

• A physical examination includes:
  • A review of all systems, and observation of any signs of illness
  • General examination from head to toe
  • Vital signs collection
  • Specific examination to the body system affected

Practitioners Techniques

• Practitioners use the following techniques in performing physicals including:
  • Inspection of the patient
  • Palpation to feel for abnormalities
  • Percussion to tap and listen for sounds
  • Auscultation involves listening to sounds with a stethoscope

Stethoscope

• An instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body.
• The root steth/o means chest, and the prefix scope means; "instrument for viewing or examining."

Vital Signs

• Vital signs include:
  • Temperature
  • Pulse rate
  • Blood pressure
  • Respiratory rate
• Examiners use a stethoscope and a blood pressure cuff, or sphygmomanometer, to measure blood pressure.

Other Examination Tools

• Other examination tools exist like:
  • Ophthalmoscope for eye examination
  • Otoscope for ear examination
  • Hammers for testing reflexes

Investigations

• Investigations include laboratory tests, imaging studies, electrical studies, and other procedures.

Laboratory Tests

• Include a complete blood picture (CBC), basic metabolic panel, urine analysis, and markers (cardiac, tumor).

Imaging Studies

• Include:
  • X-ray
  • CT scan
  • MRI
  • US

Electrical Studies

• "-gram" means record or image, like in electrocardiogram: a record of the electrical events of the heart.
• "-graph" means an instrument for recording or imaging, like in electrocardiograph: an instrument for measuring the electrical events of the heart.
• "-graphy" means the process for recording or imaging, like in electrocardiography: the process of recording the electrical events of the heart.

Procedures

• "-scope" means instrument for viewing, like in gastroscope: an instrument for viewing the stomach for examination and treatment.
• "-scopy" means process of viewing, like in gastroscopy: the process of viewing the stomach for examination and treatment.

Suffixes for Investigations

• -graph, instrument for recording data, instrument used to record many physiologic responses simultaneously, example: polygraph
• -graphy, act of recording data, recording data obtained by ultrasound, example: echography
• -gram, a record of data, record of the heart's electrical activity, example: electrocardiogram
• -meter, instrument for measuring, instrument for measuring the caloric energy of food, example: calorimeter
• -metry, measurement of, measurement of hearing (audi/o), example: audiometry
• -scope, instrument for viewing or examining, instrument for examining the bronchi, example: bronchoscope
• -scopy, examination of, examination of the bronchi, example: bronchoscopy

Types of Diseases

• Can be classified according to duration, and include chronic and acute diseases.
• Can be classified according to reason, and include hereditary, infectious, and acquired diseases.

Infectious Disease

• Caused by pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases
• Called a communicable disease, because it can spread from one organism to another organism.
• Key pathogens include: Bacteria, Fungi, virus and protozoa.

Prefixes for Diseases

• brady-, meaning slow, example: bradypnea slow breathing (-pnea) rate
• dys-, meaning abnormal, painful, difficult, example: dysplasia abnormal development (plas) of tissue
• mal-, meaning bad/poor, example: malabsorption, poor absorption of nutrients
• pachy-, meaning thick, example: pachycephaly abnormal thickness of the skull
• tachy-, meaning rapid, example: tachycardia rapid heart (cardi/o) rate
• xero-, meaning dry, example: xeroderma dryness of the skin

Suffixes for Disease

• -algia, -algesia, meaning pain, example; neuralgia means pain in a nerve (neur/o)
• -cele, meaning hernia/localized dilation, example: gastrocele hernia of the stomach (gastr/o)
• -clasis, -clasia, means breaking, example: karyoclasis breaking of a nucleus (kary/o)
• -itis, meaning inflammation, example: cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder (cyst/o)
• -megaly, meaning enlargement, example: hepatomegaly enlargement of the liver (hepat/o)
• -odynia, meaning pain, example: urodynia pain on urination (ur/o)
• -oma, meaning tumor, example: lipoma tumor of fat cells
• -pathy, meaning any disease of, example: nephropathy any disease of the kidney (nephr/o)
• -rhage/ -rhagia, bursting forth profuse flow/hemorrhage: hemorrhage, profuse flow of blood
• -rhea, meaning flow/discharge, example: pyorrhea discharge of pus
• -rhexis, meaning rupture, example: amniorrhexis rupture of the amniotic sac (bag of waters)
• -schisis, meaning fissure/splitting, example: retinoschisis splitting of the retina of the eye

Treatment

• Types of treatement include Pharmacological, Surgical, and others such as:
  • Physical therapy
  • Occupational therapy
  • Radiation therapy
  • Immunotherapy

Pharmacological Treatment

• A drug is a substance that alters body function.
• Drugs have been derived from natural plant, animal, and mineral sources.

Routes for Medication Administration

• Oral (per os)
• Intravenous (IV)
• Intramuscular (IM)
• Subcutaneous
• Intradermal
• Inhalation
• Sublingual
• Rectal
• Topical
• Otic
• Ophthalmic

Prefixes Pertaining to Drugs

• anti-, meaning against, drug that prevents vomiting (emesis), example: antiemetic
• contra-, meaning against, opposite, opposed, preventing conception, example: contraceptive
• counter-, meaning against, opposed, movement in an opposite direction, example: countertransport

Roots Pertaining to Drugs

• alg/o, algesi/o, meaning pain, example: algesia sense of pain
• chem/o, meaning chemical, example: chemotherapy treatment with drugs
• hypn/o, meaning sleep, example: hypnosis induced state of sleep
• narc/o, meaning stupor, example: narcotic agent that induces a state of stupor with decreased sensation
• pharm/ pharmaco, drug/medicine, the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, example: pharmacy
• pyrl/o, pyret/o, meaning fever, example: antipyretic counteracting fever
• tox/o, toxic/o, meaning poison/toxin, example: toxicity state of being poisonous
• vas/o, meaning vessel, example: vasodilation widening of a vessel

Suffixes Pertaining to Drugs

• -lytic, meaning dissolving/reducing/loosening, agent that dissolves a blood clot, example: thrombolytic.
• -mimetic, meaning mimicking/simulating, mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, example: sympathomimetic.
• -tropic, meaning acting on, acting on the mind, example: psychotropic.

Surgical Treatment

• Types of surgeries:
  • Therapeutic
  • Exploratory
  • Restoration
  • Relief (Palliative surgery)

Suffixes for Surgery

• -centesis, puncture tap, puncture of the chest, example: thoracentesis
• -desis, binding fusion, binding of the pleura membranes around of the lungs, example: pleurodesis
• -ectomy, excision surgical removal, excision of liver tissue, example: hepatectomy
• -pexy, surgical fixation, surgical fixation of the uterus, example: hysteropexy
• -plasty, plastic repair plastic surgery reconstruction, plastic surgery of the nose, example: rhinoplasty
• -rhaphy, surgical repair suture, surgical repair of a hernia, example: herniorrhaphy
• -stomy, surgical creation of an opening,creation of an opening into the trachea, example: tracheostomy
• -tome, instrument for incising cutting, instrument for cutting thin sections of tissue for microscopic study, example: microtome
• -tomy, incision cutting, surgical incision of the abdomen, example: laparotomy
• -tripsy, crushing, crushing of a nerve, example: neurotripsy

Biopsy

• Removal of tissue for microscopic examination.
• Biopsy specimens can be obtained by:
  • Needle withdrawal (aspiration) of fluid, as from the chest or from a cyst
  • A small punch, as of the skin
  • Endoscopy, as from the respiratory or digestive tract
  • Surgical removal, as of a tumor or node